Implications of maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein elevation caused by transabdominal and transcervical CVS

Of 2882 women allocated to either transabdominal CVS (TA) or transcervical CVS (TC) at two large obstetric centres in Denmark, 2707 had blood samples drawn before and 30 min after CVS for maternal serum-alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) measurement. 2535 of these women had cytogenetically normal pregnancies and 2091 of them went on to have samples drawn at the 18–20 week follow-up. Post-procedure MSAFP values were correlated to the biopsy method used, with mean MSAFP values significantly higher after TA than TC, 33 and 15 kU/l, respectively (P<0·001). Following TA procedures, 18 per cent of cases had feto-maternal transfusion higher than 0·1 ml; this occurred in only 5 per cent of TC cases. MSAFP levels were associated with spontaneous fetal loss in the TA group but not in the TC group. TC, however, was followed by more losses than TA. The post-CVS MSAFP value was positively correlated with the amount of villi aspirated. The difference in post-procedure elevation in MSAFP 30 min later (average 18 kU/l higher for TA than for TC) was not reflected in raised levels at the 18–20 week follow-up. Study medians at mid-trimester did not differ from reference group medians established from a group of singleton pregnancies with sonographically determined gestational age who did not experience invasive procedures and delivered normal infants. Our findings suggest that CVS does not compromise mid-trimester MSAFP for screening for neural tube defects (NTDs). Extremely high mid-trimester MSAFP values in the TC group could predict imminent loss.     

Evaluation of X,Y, 18, and 13/21 alpha satellite DNA probes for interphase cytogenetic analysis of uncultured amniocytes by fluorescence in situ hybridization

The major aneuploidies diagnosed prenatally involve the autosomes 13, 18, and 21, and sex chromosomes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) allows rapid analysis of chromosome copy number in interphase cells. This prospective study evaluated the use of four commercially available centromeric DNA probes (DXZ1, DYZ1, D18Z1, and D13Z1/D21Z1) for direct analysis of uncultured amniocytes. One hundred and sixteen amniotic fluid samples were analysed by FISH and standard cytogenetics. This evaluation demonstrated that FISH with, X, Y, and 18 alpha satellite DNA probes could accurately and rapidly detect aneuploidies involving these chromosomes and could be used in any prenatal clinical laboratory. In contrast, the 13/21 alpha satellite DNA probe hybridizing both chromosomes 13 and 21 was unreliable for prenatal diagnosis in uncultured amniocytes.     

典型海洋生态系统服务功能及价值评估——以桑沟湾为例

系统分析了生态系统服务功能及价值评估的研究进展,探讨了海洋生态系统服务功能及价值的内涵.以桑沟湾为例,对该生态系统的渔业生产、气体调节、污水处理、空气净化、滨海旅游、文化价值等服务功能的价值以2004年为评价基准年份进行了评价.评价结果为,2004年桑沟湾生态系统服务功能的价值为10.51×108元.其中直接经济价值(渔业生产)6.86×108元,占总服务价值的65.29%,表征桑沟湾是一个典型的养殖型海湾.这与人们对于桑沟湾的一般认识是一致的.同时我们注意到,桑沟湾生态系统的其他服务价值总和为3.65×108元,该数值占总服务价值的34.71%.作者认为,本文所得结果是桑沟湾也已实现了的生态服务价值,是对桑沟湾生态服务价值的保守估计.     

2003～2004年大亚湾澳头养殖区水域浮游植物群落结构及数量变动特征

2003年4月至2004年4月对大亚湾赤潮高发区澳头海域进行了浮游植物群落周年调查和分析.共鉴定浮游植物57属118种.其中硅藻为优势类群,共42属84种,占总种类数的71.2%;甲藻11属27种.浮游植物数量分别在春末夏初,秋末冬初出现两个高峰值,年均值为5.68×105 /L.角毛藻属为全年优势属,平均占浮游植物数量的35.4%.Shannon-Weaver多样性指数和均匀度的年平均值分别为2.0和0.44.该海域共发现赤潮生物58种,锥状斯氏藻是最常见的甲藻赤潮生物,2003年8月该藻与海洋卡盾藻在澳头海域首次引发甲藻和针胞藻双相型赤潮.     

Enhancement of anaerobic biodegradability of flower stem wastes with vegetable wastes by co-hydrolysis

The vegetable wastes and flower stems were co-digested to evaluate the anaerobic hydrolysis performance of difficultly biodegradable organic wastes by introducing readily biodegradable organic wastes. The experiments were carried out in batches. When the vegetable wastes were mixed with the flower stems at the dry weight ratio of 1 to 13, the overall hydrolysis rate increased by 8%, 12%, and 2% according to the carbon, nitrogen, and total solid （TS） conversion rate, respectively. While the dry weight ratio was designed as 1 to 3, there was a respective rise of 5%, 15%, and 4% in the conversion rate of carbon, nitrogen, and TS. The enhancement of anaerobic hydrolysis from the mixed vegetable wastes and flower stems can be attributed to the formation of volatile fatty acids （VFA） and nutrient supplement like nitrogen content. The maximum VFA concentration can achieve 1.7 g/L owing to the rapid acidification of vegetable wastes, loosing the structure of lignocellulose materials. The statistic bivariate analysis revealed that the hydrolysis performance was significantly related to the physical and biochemical compositions of the feeding substrate. Especially, the soluble carbon concentration in the liquid was significantly positively correlated to the concentration of nitrogen and hemicellulose, and negatively correlated to the concentration of carbon and lignocellulose in the feeding substrate, suggesting that the regulation and control of feedstock can have an important influence on the anaerobic hydrolysis of organic wastes.     

氮对酵母菌-SBR系统效能及酵母形态的影响研究

在酵母菌-SBR系统处理高含油废水中研究了氮添加对酵母细胞形态、沉降性、废水处理效果的影响及恢复能力.结果表明,氮添加量直接影响到系统中酵母菌的生物量,沉降性、pH和处理效果;氮缺乏诱发某些酵母菌菌株细胞由酵母形态向真菌丝形态转化,进而影响到酵母菌的沉降性;从系统运行效果和稳定性方面综合考虑,运行时最佳的进水BOD/N为20/1;恢复最佳氮添加能提高不同程度缺氮系统的处理效果,并可使轻度菌丝化系统快速恢复酵母形态为主,但在短期内对高度菌丝化系统的恢复效果不明显.