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101.
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We report measurements of solubility limits for benzene, toluene, and TCE in systems that contain varying levels of biomass up to 0.13 g mL−1 for TCE and 0.25 g mL−1 for benzene and toluene. The solubility limit increased from 21 to 48 mM when biomass (in the form of yeast) was added to aqueous batch systems containing benzene. The toluene solubility limit increased from 4.9 to greater than 20 mM. For TCE, the solubility increased from 8 mM to more than 1000 mM. Solubility for TCE (trichloroethylene) was most heavily impacted by biomass levels, changing by two orders of magnitude as the microbial concentrations approach those in biofilms. 相似文献
104.
Sumana Siripattanakul Wanpen Wirojanagud John McEvoy Eakalak Khan 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2008,8(3-4):257-266
Atrazine biodegradation by immobilized pure and mixed cultures was examined. A pure atrazine-degrading culture, Agrobacterium radiobacter J14a (J14a), and a mixed culture (MC), isolated from an atrazine-contaminated crop field, were immobilized using phosphorylated-polyvinyl
alcohol (PPVA). An existing cell immobilization procedure was modified to enhance PPVA matrix stability. The results showed
that the matrices remained mechanically and chemically stable after shaking with glass beads over 15 days under various salt
solutions and pH values. The immobilization process had a slight effect on cell viability. With the aid of scanning electron
microscopy, a suitable microstructure of PPVA matrices for cell entrapment was observed. There were two porous layers of spherical
gel matrices, the outside having an encapsulation property and the inside containing numerous pores for bacteria to occupy.
J14a and MC were immobilized at three cell-to-matrix ratios of 3.5, 6.7, and 20 mg dry cells/mL matrix. The atrazine biodegradation
tests were conducted in an aerobic batch system, which was inoculated with cells at 2,000 mg/L. The tests were also conducted
using free (non-immobilized) J14a and MC for comparative purpose. The cell-to-matrix ratio of 3.5 mg/mL provided the highest
atrazine removal efficiency of 40–50% in 120 h for both J14a and MC. The free cell systems, for both cultures, presented much
lower atrazine removal efficiencies compared to the immobilized cell systems at the same level of inoculation. 相似文献
105.
106.
John M. Onyari Francis Mulaa Joshua Muia Paul Shiundu 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2008,16(3):205-212
In this study, the biodegradation of PLA films using microorganisms from Lake Bogoria (Kenya) were investigated. The biodegradation
tests done using certain strains of thermophilic bacteria showed faster biodegradation rates and demonstrated temperature
dependency. The biodegradation of the PLA films was studied using Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) and light microscopy.
The biodegradation of PLA was demonstrated by decrease in molecular weight. The preparation and characterization of PLA/Gum
Arabic blends were also investigated using DSC, TGA, TMA and NMR. In summary, the results obtained in this research show that
PLA films undergo fast biodegradation using thermophiles isolated from Lake Bogoria. The PLA/GA blends studies show it is
possible to prepare films of varying hydrophobic–hydrophilic properties for various applications. 相似文献
107.
Avian Conservation under the Endangered Species Act: Expenditures versus Recovery Priorities 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abstract: Budget constraints require the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to prioritize species for recovery spending. Each listed species is ranked according to the degree of threat it faces, its recovery potential, and its taxonomic distinctness. We analyzed state and federal government expenditures for recovery of threatened and endangered birds ( n = 85 species) from 1992 to 1995 to determine if the priority system was being followed. Although recovery spending correlated with priority rank, priority rank explained <5% of the variation in spending. A small number of the same moderately ranked species dominated expenditures each year (41–79% of total annual budgets). Species with wide distributions, high recovery potential, and captive breeding programs received the most funding, and more funding than their priority ranks dictated. Island species received significantly less funding than expected based on priority rank. Twelve species, 10 of which resided on islands, received <$5000 at least once from 1992 to 1995. Recovery spending was unrelated to degree of threat, taxonomic distinctness, and migratory status. There also was no relationship between land-purchase expenditures and priority ranks. To improve the relationship between recovery spending on threatened and endangered birds and their priority rank, significant changes need to be made within the private sector ( less litigation and special-interest lobbying ), U.S. Congress (increased budget and reduced earmarking ), and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (restructuring of regional offices and increased accountability). 相似文献
108.
John Young Luke Iwanowicz Adam Sperry Vicki Blazer 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(9):5531-5545
Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) are becoming of increasing concern in waterways of the USA and worldwide. What remains poorly understood, however, is how prevalent these emerging contaminants are in the environment and what methods are best able to determine landscape sources of EDCs. We describe the development of a spatially structured sampling design and a reconnaissance survey of estrogenic activity along gradients of land use within sub-watersheds. We present this example as a useful approach for state and federal agencies with an interest in identifying locations potentially impacted by EDCs that warrant more intensive, focused research. Our study confirms the importance of agricultural activities on levels of a measured estrogenic equivalent (E2Eq) and also highlights the importance of other potential sources of E2Eq in areas where intensive agriculture is not the dominant land use. Through application of readily available geographic information system (GIS) data, coupled with spatial statistical analysis, we demonstrate the correlation of specific land use types to levels of estrogenic activity across a large area in a consistent and unbiased manner. 相似文献
109.
Blazer VS Iwanowicz LR Henderson H Mazik PM Jenkins JA Alvarez DA Young JA 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(7):4309-4334
A high prevalence of intersex or testicular oocytes (TO) in male smallmouth bass within the Potomac River drainage has raised concerns as to the health of the river. Studies were conducted to document biomarker responses both temporally and spatially to better understand the influence of normal physiological cycles, as well as water quality and land-use influences. Smallmouth bass were collected over a 2-year period from three tributaries of the Potomac River: the Shenandoah River, the South Branch Potomac and Conococheague Creek, and an out-of-basin reference site on the Gauley River. The prevalence of TO varied seasonally with the lowest prevalence observed in July, post-spawn. Reproductive maturity and/or lack of spawning the previous spring, as well as land-use practices such as application of manure and pesticides, may influence the seasonal observations. Annual, seasonal, and site differences were also observed in the percentage of males with measurable concentrations of plasma vitellogenin, mean concentration of plasma vitellogenin in females, and plasma concentrations of 17β-estradiol and testosterone in both sexes. Bass collected in the South Branch Potomac (moderate to high prevalence of TO) had less sperm per testes mass with a lower percentage of those sperm being motile when compared to those from the Gauley River (low prevalence of TO). An inverse relationship was noted between TO severity and sperm motility. An association between TO severity and wastewater treatment plant flow, percent of agriculture, total number of animal feeding operations, the number of poultry houses, and animal density within the catchment was observed. 相似文献
110.
Pait AS Whitall DR Dieppa A Newton SE Brune L Caldow C Mason AL Apeti DA Christensen JD 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(8):5065-5075
Jobos Bay, located on the southeastern coast of Puerto Rico, contains a variety of habitats including mangroves, seagrass meadows, and coral reefs. The watershed surrounding the bay includes a number of towns, agricultural areas, and the Jobos Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR). Jobos Bay and the surrounding watershed are part of a Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP), involving the Jobos Bay NERR, the US Department of Agriculture, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to assess the benefits of agricultural best management practices (BMPs) on the terrestrial and marine environments. As part of the Jobos Bay CEAP, NOAA collected sediment samples in May 2008 to characterize over 130 organic chemical contaminants. This paper presents the results of the organic contaminant analysis. The organic contaminants detected in the sediments included polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls, and the pesticide DDT. PAHs at one site in the inner bay near a boat yard were significantly elevated; however, all organic contaminant classes measured were below NOAA sediment quality guidelines that would have indicated that impacts were likely. The results of this work provide an important baseline assessment of the marine environment that will assist in understanding the benefits of implementing BMPs on water quality in Jobos Bay. 相似文献