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71.
Alla L. Alpatova Melissa J. Baumann Simon H. Davies Susan J. Masten 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2013,11(3):309-313
This article reports for the first time that fullerene (nC60) can form chlorinated disinfection by-products in aqueous systems at ambient temperature. The ability of nC60 to form colloidal suspensions in aqueous media increases the chance that these particles will migrate in the environment and then in drinking water supply systems. Since nC60 is not completely removed by conventional water treatment, any residual nC60 is likely to be oxidized during disinfection process. While the ozonation of nC60 has been studied, little is known about the reaction between nC60 and chlorine. To address this issue, we subjected aqueous nC60 suspensions to chlorination and sequential ozonation/chlorination at ozone dosages of 4.5, 10, 15 and 24 mg O3/mg nC60. The morphology and physicochemical properties of oxidized nC60 aggregates were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, UV–visible absorption spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). We found that while the particles in the as-prepared nC60 were predominantly spheres, the ozonation of nC60 resulted in the formation of irregularly shaped aggregates. The concentration of atomic carbon found by XPS in the nC60 samples decreased from 92 % for the as-prepared nC60 to 50 % for the aggregates ozonated at 24 mg O3/mg nC60 and then chlorinated at 68 mg Cl2/L and allowed to react for 100 min. The presence of Cl atoms covalently bonded to C atoms was confirmed by XPS peaks corresponding to a binding energy (E b) of 200.1–202.4 eV. This demonstrates the need to better assess and monitor the formation of potentially toxic chlorinated disinfection by-products from carbon nanomaterials during water treatment. 相似文献
72.
Jellyfish accumulations are often problematic for tourism and fisheries both along European coastlines and overseas. They damage the reputation of several seaside resorts and cause serious economic losses. On the German Baltic coast, jellyfish accumulations are well known, too. Besides population increase due to anthropogenic effects, normal hydrodynamic processes are notable key factors when it comes to jellyfish accumulations. Along German Baltic coastlines, moon jellyfish (Aurelia aurita) occur most frequently but also stinging lion??s mane jellyfish (Cyanea capillata) appear regularly, however not as abundant. The objectives of our study were a) to screen when, where, how many and which jellyfish species occur on German Baltic coasts, b) to find the causes for jellyfish accumulations and c) to evaluate how beach visitors perceive native medusae and whether information can influence their perception. Different methods where combined: systematic jellyfish observations in cooperation with lifeguards, investigations of jellyfish abundance in shallow water zones, and interviews with beach visitors. Our results suggest that jellyfish occurrence along the German Baltic coast correlates with offshore wind or shore-parallel wind, which cause upwelling events. In contrast, there is no evidence that frequency of jellyfish occurrence was dependent on water temperature in summer. In regard to tourism, we found that beach visitors who received information about jellyfish stated to feel significantly less bothered by medusae. Overall, this article addresses different methods to learn more about jellyfish accumulations and it shows information strategies in terms of improved beach management. 相似文献
73.
Anusha L. Dissanayake Jonas Gros Scott A. Socolofsky 《Environmental Fluid Mechanics》2018,18(5):1167-1202
We present the development and validation of a numerical modeling suite for bubble and droplet dynamics of multiphase plumes in the environment. This modeling suite includes real-fluid equations of state, Lagrangian particle tracking, and two different integral plume models: an Eulerian model for a double-plume integral model in quiescent stratification and a Lagrangian integral model for multiphase plumes in stratified crossflows. Here, we report a particle tracking algorithm for dispersed-phase particles within the Lagrangian integral plume model and a comprehensive validation of the Lagrangian plume model for single- and multiphase buoyant jets. The model utilizes literature values for all entrainment and spreading coefficients and has one remaining calibration parameter \( \kappa \), which reduces the buoyant force of dispersed phase particles as they approach the edge of a Lagrangian plume element, eventually separating from the plume as it bends over in a crossflow. We report the calibrated form \( \kappa = [(b - r) / b]^4 \), where b is the plume half-width, and r is the distance of a particle from the plume centerline. We apply the validated modeling suite to simulate two test cases of a subsea oil well blowout in a stratification-dominated crossflow. These tests confirm that errors from overlapping plume elements in the Lagrangian integral model during intrusion formation for a weak crossflow are negligible for predicting intrusion depth and the fate of oil droplets in the plume. The Lagrangian integral model has the added advantages of being able to account for entrainment from an arbitrary crossflow, predict the intrusion of small gas bubbles and oil droplets when appropriate, and track the pathways of individual bubbles and droplets after they separate from the main plume or intrusion layer. 相似文献
74.
The complex songs of songbirds are thought to have evolved through sexual selection. Sexually selected signals must be associated
with costs in order to ensure their honesty as indicator of male quality. Costs may relate to the development of the neural
substrate underlying song learning, which develops already very early in life. Song may, therefore, serve as an indicator
of the early developmental history. This nutritional stress hypothesis has initially been confirmed for a variety of species,
but recent studies using zebra finches as a model species reported somewhat inconsistent effects, and the functional consequences
of changes in adult song phenotype remain unclear. We tested the nutritional stress hypothesis in canaries by manipulating
either the brood size or the food quality postfledging. The brood size manipulation had a significant effect on early development,
and low food quality postfledging led to a transient reduction in body mass. However, we did not find evidence that any of
the song traits measured reflected the early developmental conditions, which is in conflict with the nutritional stress hypothesis.
Canaries may be less vulnerable to nutritional stress or are able to compensate stressful conditions during early development.
However, if males compensated, this compensation may have come at a survival cost. Female mate choice decisions were independent
of the developmental history of a male. Instead, females preferred males singing longer song bouts, a trait that may contain
a heritable component. 相似文献
75.
Immo Fritsche Eva Jonas Daniela Niesta Kayser Nicolas Koranyi 《Journal of environmental psychology》2010
Recent research on the effects of personal threat suggests that perceived threat might enhance pro-environmental behavior when pro-environmental norms are in focus. In three experiments we found support for the latter assumption, showing that mortality salience and salience of pro-environmental norms interacted in predicting pro-environmental attitudes and information search (Study 1), sustainable behavior in a forest management game (Study 2), as well as pro-environmental intentions and behavior (Study 3). Specifically, mortality salience increased pro-environmental conduct only when pro-environmental norms were salient. Moreover, norm salience only had an effect on pro-environmental attitudes and behavior when the threat of personal mortality was salient. We discuss the implications of these results for both terror management theory and the promotion of pro-environmental behaviors. 相似文献
76.
Domingos Lusitaneo Pier Macuvele Gerre Zebedias Samo Sithole Karina Cesca Suzana Lília Pinare Macuvele Jonas Valente Matsinhe 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2016,23(12):11639-11644
Indicators are substances that change color as the pH of the medium. Many of these substances are dyes of synthetic origin. The mulala plant (Euclea natalensis), which roots are commonly used by rural communities for their oral hygiene, and roseira (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), an ornamental plant, are abundant in Mozambique. Currently, synthetic acid-base indicators are most commonly used but have environmental implications and, on the other hand, are expensive products, so the demand for natural indicators started. This study investigated the applicability of aqueous extracts of H. rosa-sinensis and E. natalensis as acid-base indicators. Ground on this work, the extracts can be used as acid-base indicators. On the basis of the absorption spectroscopy in both the UV-Vis region and previous studies, it was possible to preliminarily pinpoint anthocyanins and naphthoquinones as responsible for the shifting of colors depending on the pH range of aqueous extracts of H. rosa-sinensis and E. natalensis. These natural indicators are easily accessible, inexpensive, easy to extract, environmentally safe, and locally available. 相似文献
77.
The bioaccumulation of buried polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) added to specific depths in sediment (2.0-2.5, 5.0-5.5 and 10.0-10.5 cm) was studied in two infaunal species with similar feeding habits (surface deposit-feeders) but different bioturbation modes. The deep-burrowing polychaetes Marenzelleria spp. (Mz) displayed up to 36 times higher tissue concentrations of buried (spiked) contaminants than the surface-dwelling biodiffusing amphipod Monoporeia affinis. The differences in bioaccumulation were most pronounced for less hydrophobic contaminants due to the bioirrigating activity of Mz. Contaminants buried at shallow depths displayed higher accumulation than more deeply buried contaminants. In contrast, the bioaccumulation of unspiked (native) contaminants with a uniform vertical distribution in the sediment was similar between the species. For Mz, the BSAFs increased with increased KOW for the uniformly distributed contaminants, but decreased for the buried contaminants, which indicates that the dominant uptake routes of the buried contaminants can differ from the uniformly distributed contaminants. The surface sediment concentration of buried contaminants increased in Mz treatments, showing that Mz bioturbation can remobilize historically buried contaminants to the biologically active surface layer and increase the exposure for surface-dwelling species. 相似文献
78.
Callaghan TV Tweedie CE Akerman J Andrews C Bergstedt J Butler MG Christensen TR Cooley D Dahlberg U Danby RK Daniëls FJ de Molenaar JG Dick J Mortensen CE Ebert-May D Emanuelsson U Eriksson H Hedenås H Henry H R G Hik DS Hobbie JE Jantze EJ Jaspers C Johansson C Johansson M Johnson DR Johnstone JF Jonasson C Kennedy C Kenney AJ Keuper F Koh S Krebs CJ Lantuit H Lara MJ Lin D Lougheed VL Madsen J Matveyeva N Mcewen DC Myers-Smith IH Narozhniy YK Olsson H Pohjola VA Price LW Rigét F Rundqvist S 《Ambio》2011,40(6):705-716
Understanding the responses of tundra systems to global change has global implications. Most tundra regions lack sustained environmental monitoring and one of the only ways to document multi-decadal change is to resample historic research sites. The International Polar Year (IPY) provided a unique opportunity for such research through the Back to the Future (BTF) project (IPY project #512). This article synthesizes the results from 13 papers within this Ambio Special Issue. Abiotic changes include glacial recession in the Altai Mountains, Russia; increased snow depth and hardness, permafrost warming, and increased growing season length in sub-arctic Sweden; drying of ponds in Greenland; increased nutrient availability in Alaskan tundra ponds, and warming at most locations studied. Biotic changes ranged from relatively minor plant community change at two sites in Greenland to moderate change in the Yukon, and to dramatic increases in shrub and tree density on Herschel Island, and in subarctic Sweden. The population of geese tripled at one site in northeast Greenland where biomass in non-grazed plots doubled. A model parameterized using results from a BTF study forecasts substantial declines in all snowbeds and increases in shrub tundra on Niwot Ridge, Colorado over the next century. In general, results support and provide improved capacities for validating experimental manipulation, remote sensing, and modeling studies. 相似文献
79.
Scheutz C Fredenslund AM Nedenskov J Samuelsson J Kjeldsen P 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2011,31(5):946-955
AV Miljø is a modern waste disposal site receiving non-combustible waste with a low-organic content. The objective of the current project was to determine the gas generation, composition, emission, and oxidation in top covers on selected waste cells as well as the total methane (CH4) emission from the disposal site. The investigations focused particularly on three waste disposal cells containing shredder waste (cell 1.5.1), mixed industrial waste (cell 2.2.2), and mixed combustible waste (cell 1.3). Laboratory waste incubation experiments as well as gas modeling showed that significant gas generation was occurring in all three cells. Field analysis showed that the gas generated in the cell with mixed combustible waste consisted of mainly CH4 (70%) and carbon dioxide (CO2) (29%) whereas the gas generated within the shredder waste, primarily consisted of CH4 (27%) and nitrogen (N2) (71%), containing no CO2. The results indicated that the gas composition in the shredder waste was governed by chemical reactions as well as microbial reactions. CH4 mass balances from three individual waste cells showed that a significant part (between 15% and 67%) of the CH4 generated in cell 1.3 and 2.2.2 was emitted through leachate collection wells, as a result of the relatively impermeable covers in place at these two cells preventing vertical migration of the gas. At cell 1.5.1, which is un-covered, the CH4 emission through the leachate system was low due to the high gas permeability of the shredder waste. Instead the gas was emitted through the waste resulting in some hotspot observations on the shredder surface with higher emission rates. The remaining gas that was not emitted through surfaces or the leachate collection system could potentially be oxidized as the measured oxidation capacity exceeded the potential emission rate. The whole CH4 emission from the disposal site was found to be 820 ± 202 kg CH4 d−1. The total emission rate through the leachate collection system at AV Miljø was found to be 211 kg CH4 d−1. This showed that approximately ¼ of the emitted gas was emitted through the leachate collections system making the leachate collection system an important source controlling the overall gas migration from the site. The emission pathway for the remaining part of the gas was more uncertain, but emission from open cells where waste is being disposed of or being excavated for incineration, or from horizontal leachate drainage pipes placed in permeable gravel layers in the bottom of empty cells was likely. 相似文献
80.
Hans T. Karlsson Jonas Klingspor Ingemar Bjerle 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(11):1177-1180
The reaction between hydrochloric acid and solid slaked lime was investigated by passing simulated flue gas through a fixed bed reactor. The influence of CO2 and H2O present in the flue gas was studied, as well as the influence of the reaction temperature in the range 423 to 673 K. The reaction was found to be of first order with respect to the two reactants. Expressions to account for the temperature and the CO2 and H2O concentrations were derived from the experimental data. 相似文献