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121.
We estimated the broad-sense heritability of larval size in 20 full-sib families of the giant scallop, Placopecten magellanicus (Gmelin, 1791) grown in laboratory culture in August and September 1991. The goal was to compare scallops with other bivalves which have been shown to have significant heritabilities for larval growth. Secondly, we estimated the lipid content of occytes from female parents, since this is hypothesized to affect larval growth and survival. Finally, we estimated the among-family variation in mortality from 4 to 21 d as a test of possible genetic variation for viability among larval scallops. Significant genetic variation (h2=1.10 to 1.24) was estimated for larval shell length at 4, 14, and 21 d. There was a significant correlation (r=0.66) between larval size at 4 d and lipid content of oocytes, but only when two females with high levels of lipid oocyte–1 were excluded as outliers. There was no correlation between larval size at 14 and 21 d and lipid content of oocytes. Mortality among families from 4 to 21 d was high (69 to 97%), and was significantly different among families. These results indicate that there is significant heritability for larval growth which is largely independent of the lipid content of the oocytes. A high heritability for larval growth may indicate that this trait is only weakly correlated with fitness. 相似文献
122.
123.
J. B. Jones 《Marine Biology》1991,111(1):1-9
Parasites were collected from over 400 albacore (Thunnus alalunga) caught by surface trolling and longlining in the south-west Pacific between 1985 and 1988. Parasites found included 1 apicomplexan, 3 nematode species, 4 cestode species, 1 acanthocephalan, 12 digenean species and 3 copepod species. Twelve of these parasite species which could be accurately recognised and counted were used in the subsequent analyses. Parasite data from albacore caught around New Zealand show a decrease in prevalence of three didymozoid parasites with increasing fish length up to a fork length of 70 to 79 cm. The subsequent increase in prevalence of these didymozoids in large longline-caught fish is consistent with fish returning from spawning in tropical waters where re-infection is presumed to occur. Albacore collected at widely separate locations in the south-west Pacific have differences in parasite prevalence, supporting an hypothesis that juvenile albacore move south to New Zealand from the tropics and do not return until the onset of sexual maturity. Albacore appear to move along the subtropical convergence zone, as indicated by a decline in prevalence and abundance ofAnisakis simplex andHepatoxylon trichiuri from New Zealand to the central South Pacific. This is supported by tagging and seasonal movements of the fishery. 相似文献
124.
Whilst the role of chemoreception in juvenile crustacean feeding behaviour has received considerable attention, the chemosensory responses of larval planktonic crustacean stages have been neglected. The present study investigated the acceptability of processed, microparticulate and microencapsulated diets and the possible role of chemoattractants for larval and juvenile stages ofHomarus gammarus (Linnaeus) and juvenile stages ofPalaemon elegans (Rathke). Larval and juvenile lobster were obtained from MAFF (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Conwy, UK), and juvenileP. elegans were collected from the Menai Straits (Gwynedd, UK) during the summer months of 1985/1986. During the larval stages, food capture results from chance encounter, and the role of low molecular-weight chemoattractants appears to be in the determination of the edible from the inedible. Dietary conditioning behaviour in decapod larvae, which has until now not been investigated, enables the larvae to discriminate more rapidly between particles of different digestibilities. The digestibility and assimilation efficiency displayed on artificial diets in the present study suggest that lobster larvae possess limited enzymatic capabilities, although later stages are more efficient and display longer food-retention time. Growth (0.114 mm d–1) and survival (80.0%) of lobster larvae fed natural diets were significantly better (F=14.8;P=0.001, andF=54.0,P=0.001, respectively) than of individuals fed artificial diets. Although pre-digested artificial diets (ingredients pre-treated with pancreatin) resulted in higher survival (74 and 63%) compared to microencapsulated diets (37%), there was no significant growth difference between the artificial diets tested. 相似文献
125.
M. B. Jones 《Marine Biology》1972,14(3):264-270
The mouthparts of Jaera albifrons
Leach, Jaera ischiosetosa
Forsman, Jaera praehirsuta
Forsman and Jaera forsmani
Bocquet were examined with the light microscope and the Stereoscan electron microscope, and were found to be identical in all species. The structure of the mouthparts indicate that all four species feed by scouring and abrading algal or bacterial films from rocks or Fucus. Food, therefore, does not seem to be an isolating factor involved in the microdistribution of the four species on a shore. 相似文献
126.
Kathryn B. McNamara Therésa M. Jones Mark A. Elgar 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(8):1177-1184
Male copulation experience may have a profound impact on female reproductive success if male reproductive investment declines
over consecutive copulations and if females are unlikely to re-mate. Male reproductive investment is particularly interesting
in lepidopterans because males produce dimorphic sperm: a fertilizing (eupyrene) and a non-fertilising (apyrene) sperm. In
two experiments, we explored the lifetime reproductive investment of male almond moths, Cadra cautella (also known as Ephestia cautella) and examined its influence on female reproductive success. In the almond moth, females re-mate infrequently and males transfer
sperm in a spermatophore. Attached to the spermatophore is a large chitinous process, the function of which is unknown. One
group of males were permitted consecutive copulations with virgin females and the amount of sperm and size of the spermatophore
transferred were compared for all females. We found that the number of both eupyrene and apyrene sperm per ejaculate decreased
with his increased mating frequency, while the size of the spermatophore process decreased dramatically after the male’s first
copulation. In a second experiment, we allowed males to mate with females throughout their lives and then compared female
fecundity and fertilisation success. We found no obvious decrease in female fecundity and fertilisation success with increased
male copulation experience, despite the likely reduction in male gametic investment. We discuss potential explanations for
the development of this enlarged and elaborate first spermatophore of male almond moths given that it confers no clear fitness
advantage to females. 相似文献
127.
Gnathiid isopods are one of the most abundant groups of ectoparasites on coral reef fishes. They, and other isopods, have
been shown to significantly affect the health and behaviour of many reef fish. Whether isopod emergence differs among habitats
on coral reefs is not known. In this study, we measured emergence rates of parasitic isopods (Gnathiidea and Flabellifera)
in six habitats at two sites at Lizard Island during new moon periods in March and December 2004. Isopods were collected from
the periphery and centres of micro-reefs, patch reefs, continuous reefs, and from inter-reefal habitats (sand or rubble) with
1 m2 emergence traps. Sites (Casuarina and Coconut Beach) were located on opposite sides of Lizard Island. Live gnathiids were
collected with light traps in November 2005 to investigate species differences between sites. At both sites, the most abundant
gnathiid species was exclusive to that site. More gnathiid larvae emerged at night, and emergence of fed gnathiids (pranizae)
and flabelliferan isopods was almost exclusively nocturnal. Diurnal emergence was greater at Coconut Beach than Casuarina
Beach. Although emergence counts were not consistently affected by parameters such as habitat, site, or sampling period, gnathiid
size and feeding state were. Where significant differences existed, gnathiids were larger and more often fed over reef borders
than centrally. We suggest first stage larvae (Z1) have the largest influence on total abundance and are patchily distributed
in accordance with adults from which they have recently hatched. As later stage larvae depend on fish, more successful (fed)
and older larvae are found on the edges of reefs where appropriate hosts may be more abundant, or predation is lower. Gnathiids
were over-dispersed in all habitats investigated, including apparently homogeneous beds of coral rubble and sand. This indicates
that their distributions may be better predicted by very fine scale differences in substrate or that aggregations are the
result of gregariousness and may be difficult to predict on the basis of substrate. Emergence traps collected comparatively
few parasitic flabelliferan isopods. This community differed greatly from the previously described community of scavenging
isopods at Lizard Island. These differences are probably the result of differences in trapping methodology. 相似文献
128.
Long-term behavioural studies were made of the blennioid fish Forsterygion varium and the wrasse Pseudolabrus celidotus in the Cape Rodney-Okakari Point Marine Reserve in New Zealand. Both male and female F. varium defended small 1 to 2 m2 territories from the wrasse all year round, althoughl aggressive encounters were most frequent from December to April. Only Large P. celidotus (≧180 mm standard length) were observed to dominate the blenny in interactions. Defence of nests, which were found only on the territories of males between May and October, did not explain the distribution of F. varium aggression between the sexes and seasons. An extensive overlap in the categories and size of prey eaten suggested that protection of food was a major function of F. varium territoriality. F. varium was most frequently aggressive toward P. celidotus of an intermediate size (110 to 160 mm SL) and exhibited greatest overlap in diet with wrasses in this size lange. This dnected the study toward examining the effect of F. varium on the feeding activity of P. celidotus. Within a shallow, Leterogeneous reef habitat, feeding pressure by P. celidotus (bites/are/time) was inversely related to the density of F. varium. Removal of F. varium from small 5x5 m quadrats resulted in large increases in wrasse feeding pressure, suggesting that the blenny influences the foraging of wrasses within their home ranges. When F. varium were removed from the entire home ranges of five 1+yr (110 to 130 mm SL) P. celidotus, these fish exhibited relative increases in both feeding rate and foraging time. The results suggest that P. celidotus grow through a period during which individuals compete with F. varium for food, adding support to the contention that territoriality in F. varium functions to preserve its food supply. 相似文献
129.
W. Thomas Jones 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1982,10(3):207-210
Summary Parasitoid wasps often lay male eggs in small hosts and female eggs in larger hosts. The selective advantage of this strategy can be explained by assuming wasp fitness increases with host size and that this fitness increase is greater in females than in males. I conducted experiments to test a model based on this explanation and found the results generally supported the model with one exception; unlike what the model assumed, these wasps were unable to adjust their offspring sex ratios in each generation to different host size distributions. This finding suggests an alternate view as to how selection might operate in the evolution of parasitoid sex ratios. 相似文献
130.
In two temperate reef fish, Pseudolabrus celidotus (Bloch and Schneider) and Tripterygion varium (Bloch and Schneider) studied near Leigh, New Zealand, most spawning activity was concentrated during the first 2 months of spawning seasons which lasted about 5 months. In P. celidotus, maturation and spawning of first-year females (0+) was delayed with respect to older (1+yr) females. Within the 0+ age class, the minimum size of maturation declined as the spawning season proceeded. However, in all females of T. varium, ripening and spawning took place over the same time ranges. Observations on the seasonal patterns of female aggression suggested that larger female P. celidotus were socially inhibiting the maturation of small females. The level of interaction was high compared to that in T. varium, and reached a peak over the onset of the spawning season. This hypothesis was tested by the removal of larger (1+yr) female P. celidotus from a field population. The remaining 0+ females increased in ovary weight and matured earlier than those in an undisturbed area. We argue from this experiment that it is of advantage for P. celidotus females to spawn early in the season and of advantage to inhibit other females from doing so. Two possible reasons are suggested, the first applying to sexchanging species such as P. celidotus, the second to temperate-water fishes in general. 相似文献