东湖沉积物和间隙水中不同形态磷的垂直分布

对武汉东湖3个样点沉积物及间隙水不同形态磷的浓度进行了测定,结果表明：(1)位于排污区附近的1号点沉积物TP浓度最大,位于湖心位置的2号点TP浓度最小;(2)3个样点沉积物中不同形态磷含量均为Fe P（铁结合态磷）所占比例最大（3885%～5914%）,LP（不稳定态磷）所占比例最小（027%～149%）;(3)东湖沉积物中活性磷含量较高,有较大的磷释放潜力;(4)东湖表层沉积物间隙水中正磷酸盐和上覆水中正磷酸盐存在较大浓度梯度,浓度梯度可能不是间隙水和上覆水之间磷交换的决定性因素     

中国省际旅游效率评价及其敏感性分析

采用超效率的数据包络分析模型对2007-2010年中国旅游效率的时空差异进行分析,并对旅游效率的指标敏感性进行分析.研究结果表明,2007-2010年中国的旅游效率存在明显的区域差异,东部最高、中部最低、东北和西部介于两者之间,其中东西部呈下降趋势,而中部和东北呈上升趋势;受东部和东北的旅游效率变化影响,中国旅游效率呈发散趋势,即省市之间的差距逐渐增大;旅游业从业人员数和交通便利条件是影响旅游效率的重要因素.     

Summer cover crops reduce atrazine leaching to shallow groundwater in southern Florida

At Florida's southeastern tip, sweet corn (Zea Mays) is grown commercially during winter months. Most fields are treated with atrazine (6-chloro-N-ethyl-N'-[1-methylethyl]-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine). Hydrogeologic conditions indicate a potential for shallow groundwater contamination. This was investigated by measuring the parent compound and three degradates--DEA (6-chloro-N-[1-methylethyl]-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine), DIA (6-chloro-N-ethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine, and HA (6-hydroxy-N-[1-methylethyl]-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine)--in water samples collected beneath sweet corn plots treated annually with the herbicide. During the study, a potential mitigation measure (i.e., the use of a cover crop, Sunn Hemp [Crotalaria juncea L.], during summer fallow periods followed by chopping and turning the crop into soil before planting the next crop) was evaluated. Over 3.5 yr and production of four corn crops, groundwater monitoring indicated leaching of atrazine, DIA, and DEA, with DEA accounting for more than half of all residues in most samples. Predominance of DEA, which increased after the second atrazine application, was interpreted as an indication of rapid and extensive atrazine degradation in soil and indicated that an adapted community of atrazine degrading organisms had developed. A companion laboratory study found a sixfold increase in atrazine degradation rate in soil after three applications. Groundwater data also revealed that atrazine and degradates concentrations were significantly lower in samples collected beneath cover crop plots when compared with concentrations below fallow plots. Together, these findings demonstrated a relatively small although potentially significant risk for leaching of atrazine and its dealkylated degradates to groundwater and that the use of a cover crop like Sunn Hemp during summer months may be an effective mitigation measure.     

异化铁还原对土壤中重金属形态转化及其有效性影响

铁的微生物还原是以Fe(Ⅲ)为末端电子受体在厌氧条件下氧化有机物的产能过程,在生物地球化学循环中起着重要的作用.铁呼吸被认为是地球上最古老的微生物代谢形式,与水体、土壤及沉积物中物质循环息息相关.铁的微生物还原对土壤中重金属形态转化有显著影响,对修复重金属及放射性核素污染的场地有着重要意义.本文综合评述了近年来铁微生物还原研究进展,从生态安全和可持续发展角度,探讨了异化铁还原对重金属的形态改变及重金属污染土壤修复的潜在价值,并对其应用前景进行客观分析.异化铁还原对重金属形态转化的影响机制,可初步归纳为异化铁还原对重金属的氧化还原作用、对重金属的甲基化作用、对重金属的固定作用,其作用机制包含生物过程和化学作用的相互穿插,值得进一步深入研究.     

Isolation and Characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus cereus</Emphasis> Bacteriophages from Foods and Soil

The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize Bacillus cereus bacteriophages of various origins. Twenty-seven bacteriophages against B. cereus were isolated from various Korean traditional fermented foods and soils. Plaque size, transmission electron microscopy, virulence profile, and in vitro lytic activity of bacteriophage isolates were examined. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed B. cereus bacteriophages belonging to the family Siphoviridae. Among B. cereus bacteriophages with broad host range, 18 isolates (66.7%) did not harbor any B. cereus virulence factors. Among them, bacteriophage strain CAU150036, CAU150038, CAU150058, CAU150064, CAU150065, and CAU150066 effectively inhibited B. cereus in vitro within 1 h. Therefore, they are considered potential candidates for controlling the contamination of B. cereus in food or other applications.     

不同形态磺胺类药物在根-土界面的空间分布及毒性评价

采用化学分析和发光细菌检测相结合的方法,研究了磺胺类药物在作物根-土界面的形态分布及生态毒性.结果表明,磺胺类药物在根际土壤中主要以水溶态的形式存在,远根区则以有机溶剂可提取态为主要形态.3种形态磺胺类药物对明亮发光细菌的相对发光抑制率均小于30%,表现为低毒性.不同形态磺胺类药物对明亮发光菌表现的生态毒性不同,有机溶剂可提取态对明亮发光细菌的毒性最大,水溶态次之,结合态毒性最小.根际区水溶态的含量及其对明亮发光细菌的相对毒性抑制率大于远根区,而有机溶剂可提取态和结合态的含量及其对明亮发光细菌的相对毒性抑制率则小于远根区.     

Crustacean habitat potential mapping in a tidal flat using remote sensing and GIS

To make a macrofaunal (crustacean) habitat potential map, the spatial distribution of ecological variables in the Hwangdo tidal flat, Korea, was explored. Spatial variables were mapped using remote sensing and a geographic information system (GIS) combined with field observations. A frequency ratio (FR) and logistic regression (LR) model were employed to map the macrofauna potential area for the Ilyoplax dentimerosa, a crustacean species. Spatial variables affecting the tidal macrofauna distribution were selected based on abundance and biomass and used within a spatial database derived from remotely sensed data of various types of sensors. The spatial variables included the intertidal digital elevation model (DEM), slope, distance from a tidal channel, tidal channel density, surface sediment facies, spectral reflectance of the near infrared (NIR) bands and the tidal exposure duration. The relation between the I. dentimerosa and each spatial variable was calculated using the FR and LR. The species was randomly divided into a training set (70%) to analyse habitat potential using FR and LR and a test set (30%) to validate the predicted habitat potential map. The relations were overlaid to produce a habitat potential map with the species potential index (SPI) value for each pixel. The potential habitat maps were compared with the surveyed habitat locations such as validation data set. The comparison results showed that the LR model (accuracy is 85.28%) is better in prediction than the FR (accuracy is 78.96%) model. The performance of models gave satisfactory accuracies. The LR provides the quantitative influence of variables on a potential habitat of species; otherwise, the FR shows the quantitative influence of a class in each variable. The combination of a GIS-based frequency ratio and logistic regression models and remote sensing with field observations is an effective method to determine locations favorable for macrofaunal species occurrences in a tidal flat.     

基于遥感的黑河流域生态环境变化特征及成因分析

使用2001~2017年MODIS-EVI产品和2001，2009，2017年Landsat数据提取的湿度指数（WI）、沙漠化指数（DI）、改进归一化水体指数（MNDWI），并结合气象数据及其它数据，揭示黑河流域生态环境变化特征.结果显示：近17a来，研究区低、中高和高植被覆盖区的面积分别以36，29，132km²/a的速率增加，无植被、中植被覆盖区面积以185，11km²/a的速率递减，且夏季和上游植被覆盖度最高；2001~2009年流域水域面积扩大至3854.5km²，2009~2017年减少至2628.9km²，上游地区水体较多，水量由山岭向山麓递减，由西向东递增；流域湿度指数由2001年0.55上升到2017年0.65，高值中心主要位于上游地区和中游民乐县、山丹县以及金塔县；流域沙漠化程度先逆转后扩展，沙漠化土地主要分布于中游高台县、临泽县、金塔县和下游额济纳旗；流域气温、降水、潜在蒸散量和地区生产总值、第一产业、建成区面积及耕地面积是影响黑河流域生态环境变化的主要驱动因素.     

人工诱导水库分层水体提前混合对细菌群落结构和代谢活性的影响

水库水体分层是导致底层水体厌氧,产生内源污染的重要原因,人工强制混合充氧可以使分层水体提前实现完全混合,当秋冬季气温低于混合水温时,停止混合充氧系统水体仍可自发地持续进行混合,极大地延长了底层水体及沉积物的好氧周期.上述阶段中,人工强制混合期底层水体温度逐渐升高直至完全混合,自然混合期混合水体温度持续下降,溶解氧保持在7.84～9.86 mg·L^-1.为研究人工诱导水体提前混合对水源菌群及有机污染物代谢的影响,以西安金盆水库为研究对象,在原位监测水质指标的基础上,采用高通量DNA测序技术和Biolog技术分析细菌群落组成及其代谢活性.结果表明,持续自然混合期金盆水库优势菌门为放线菌门（Actinobacteria）和变形菌门（Proteobacteria）,二者相对丰度之和占细菌群落的60.9%～66.2%.放线菌门（Actinobacteria）中的优势菌为CL500-29＿marine＿group（15.96%）,其次为hgcl＿clade（9.25%）.水库水体在完全混合初期,受温度和溶解氧升高影响,细菌活性相对较高,有机污染物指标高锰酸盐指数和溶解性有机碳...     

基于SEM的城市突发事件现场应急指挥能力影响因素分析

为提升城市突发事件现场应急指挥能力,通过分析城市现场应急指挥能力影响因素,构建城市现场应急指挥能力影响因素与突发事件应急指挥效果结构方程模型,并采用SPSS和AMOS软件对北京市现场应急指挥能力进行研究。结果表明:应急指挥统筹决策对应急指挥能力影响相对较大,应急指挥对象影响相对较小;应急指挥体系建设对应急指挥统筹决策影响相对最大,其次是应急信息平台系统。城市应综合考虑各因素间相关关系,有针对性地提高应急指挥能力。