不同类型机动车尾气中的多环芳烃含量分析

采用底盘测功机模拟汽车的加速、减速、匀速和怠速过程,采集了机动车排放的尾气,并对尾气中颗粒态物质和气态物质的多环芳烃含量进行了分析,结果表明,柴油车和汽油车无论在何种工况下,尾气中低环多环芳烃在气态物质中的含量都要高于在颗粒态物质中的含量;中环多环芳烃在气态物质中和颗粒态物质中的含量相接近;高环多环芳烃在颗粒态物质中的含量要高于气态物质中的含量.机动车尾气中PAHs的苯并[a]芘等效致癌浓度(BaPE)在0.558～5,684之间,BaPE/BaP比值在2.029～8.413之间.即BaP以外的多环芳烃贡献了相当于103%～741%BaP浓度的等效致癌毒性;尾气中气态物质和颗粒态物质的PAHs总量和苯并[a]芘含量的回归分析表明两者之间存在着较好的线性关系,其可决系数分别为0.8343和0.7158.     

宽甸土壤及部分农作物中硼的分布及污染分析

用ICP-MS测定了辽宁宽甸23个土壤样品中的硼。背景地区和污染地区的土壤硼含量分别在 39.2～82.4mg/kg和133～1195mg/kg之间。其中硼矿开采区的土壤硼含量高达1195mg/kg。还用同样的方法分析了背景地区和污染地区几种农作物中硼的含量,结果表明,背景地区的大豆、土豆、玉米和豆角的硼含量(干基)分别为:37.4～47.9、5.8～6.3、24.4～25.5和1.24～2.74mg/kg,而污染地区相应农作物的硼含量分别为:34.0、12.0～12.8、40.7和2.48～2.64mg/kg。     

Using internet search behavior to assess public awareness of protected wetlands

Improving public awareness of protected wetlands facilitates sustainable wetland management, which depends on public participation. One way of gauging public interest is by tracking Internet search behavior (ISB). We assessed public awareness of issues related to protected wetland areas (PWAs) in South Korea by examining the frequencies of specific queries (PWAs, Ramsar, Upo wetland, Sunchon Bay, etc.) using relative search volumes (RSVs) obtained from an Internet search engine. RSV shows how many times a search term is used relative to a second search term during a specific period. Public awareness of PWAs changed from 2007 to 2013. Initially the majority of Internet searches were related to the most well‐known tidal and inland wetlands Sunchon Bay and Upo wetlands, which are the largest existing wetlands in Korea with the greatest historical exposure. Public awareness, as reflected in RSVs, of wetlands increased significantly following PWA designation for the wetlands in 2008, which followed the Ramsar 10th Conference of Contracting Parties to the Convention on Wetlands (COP10) meeting. Public interest was strongly correlated to the number of news articles in the popular media, as evidenced by the increase in Internet searches for specific wetlands and words associated with specific wetlands. Correspondingly, the number of visitors to specific wetlands increased. To increase public interest in wetlands, wetland aspects that enhance wetland conservation should be promoted by the government and enhanced via public education. Our approach can be used to gauge public awareness and participation in a wide range of conservation efforts.     

柠檬酸对污染棕壤中镉的去除优化及结合形态影响

针对农田土壤重金属污染,研究了有机酸对土壤中镉的去除条件优化及结合形态的影响,旨在发展一种环境友好、可原位且永久去除土壤中镉（Cd）的淋溶暗排联合净化方法.采用环境友好型淋溶剂柠檬酸,通过批试验确定淋溶最佳参数（柠檬酸浓度、固液比、淋溶次数、淋溶时间和淋溶方式）.同时,将自行设计的淋溶瓶和淋溶暗排箱用于批试验最优化参数验证和原位土壤中Cd清除模拟,用CaO絮凝法除去收集暗排废液中的Cd,并通过BCR连续提取法评估土壤中Cd的迁移性和有效性.结果表明,通过柠檬酸的连续分批浸提,使用0.30 mol·L^-1柠檬酸以1 g∶1.5 mL的固液比连续3次、6 h振荡浸提对土壤中总Cd的淋溶去除率可达81.3%.通过淋溶暗排箱试验,经柠檬酸-水梯度淋溶可有效去除78.0%的Cd,暗排液经CaO絮凝可去除95.6%的Cd;柠檬酸对弱酸提取态、可还原态、可氧化态及残渣态Cd的淋溶去除率分别为83.0%、70.3%、43.9%和25.0%.研究表明,采用淋溶暗排和CaO絮凝的联合方法可快速去除污染农田土壤中的Cd并避免暗排液二次污染.后续研究需进一步扩大试验规模并开展野外验证试验.     

东亚飞蝗辅酶Q-细胞色素C还原酶基因克隆和序列分析

辅酶Q-细胞色素C还原酶是组成线粒体呼吸链的4种酶复合体之一,对线粒体呼吸链的电子传递起着重要作用.同时,辅酶Q-细胞色素C还原酶还是杀真菌剂(Fungicide)、抗原虫(Antiprotozoan)、抗癌药物(Anticancer drugs)以及抗疟疾(Antimalarial)药物——阿托喹酮(Atovaquone)、氯胍(Proguanil)、布帕伐醌(Buparvaquone)的作用靶标,可将它作为昆虫的药靶,设计和开发新型的杀虫剂.采用RACE方法,克隆了东亚飞蝗[Locusta migratoria manilensis(Meyen)]辅酶Q-细胞色素C还原酶cDNA全序列(GenBank登录号:GU593056.1).获得的cDNA全长939 bp,其中可读框819 bp,编码272个氨基酸,推测其相对分子质量为29.48 ku,等电点为9.19.通过与其它10个物种的细胞色素C还原酶基因的氨基酸序列进行比对,发现东亚飞蝗与家蚕、赤拟谷盗、黒腹果蝇、埃及伊蚊、致乏库蚊、小家鼠、人、丽蝇蛹集金小蜂、蜜蜂和豌豆蚜的辅酶Q-细胞色素C还原酶氨基酸序列同源性分别为72%、72%、66%、63%、60%、59%、59%、58%、57%和56%.     

纳米Fe~0协同微生物对PCB77的降解研究

研究了纳米零价铁协同微生物降解水溶液中的PCB77。从污染土样中分离出一株多氯联苯（PCBs）降解菌,对其进行革兰氏染色形态观察,并用降解菌降解PCB77。结果表明：培养温度30℃、溶液pH 7.0、微生物接种量109 cfu·mL-1、PCB77初始质量浓度1.0 mg·L-1时,降解菌对PCB77的降解率为58.63%。纳米零价铁对PCB77的降解是一个还原脱氯过程,7 d时的降解率为82.99%。采用纳米零价铁/微生物联合体系降解水溶液中PCB77,降解率显著高于微生物和纳米零价铁单一体系,降解率可达93.30%。研究结果将为环境中PCBs残留提供了一种高效去除的方法,并为PCBs污染土壤的修复提供理论依据。     

Decision-Tree-based data mining and rule induction for predicting and mapping soil bacterial diversity

Soilmicrobial ecology plays a significant role in global ecosystems. Nevertheless, methods of model prediction and mapping have yet to be established for soil microbial ecology. The present study was undertaken to develop an artificial-intelligence- and geographical information system (GIS)-integrated framework for predicting and mapping soil bacterial diversity using pre-existing environmental geospatial database information, and to further evaluate the applicability of soil bacterial diversity mapping for planning construction of eco-friendly roads. Using a stratified random sampling, soil bacterial diversity was measured in 196 soil samples in a forest area where construction of an eco-friendly road was planned. Model accuracy, coherence analyses, and tree analysis were systematically performed, and four-class discretized decision tree (DT) with ordinary pair-wise partitioning (OPP) was selected as the optimal model among tested five DT model variants. GIS-based simulations of the optimal DT model with varying weights assigned to soil ecological quality showed that the inclusion of soil ecology in environmental components, which are considered in environmental impact assessment, significantly affects the spatial distributions of overall environmental quality values as well as the determination of an environmentally optimized road route. This work suggests a guideline to use systematic accuracy, coherence, and tree analyses in selecting an optimal DT model from multiple candidate model variants, and demonstrates the applicability of the OPP-improved DT integrated with GIS in rule induction for mapping bacterial diversity. These findings also provide implication on the significance of soil microbial ecology in environmental impact assessment and eco-friendly construction planning.     

磷酸活化活性炭对Cu2+的吸附特征研究

寻求廉价而高效的吸附材料为目的,研究向日葵秸杆基活性炭对铜离子的吸附性能。以向日葵秸秆为原料,经H3PO4活化制备活性炭,通过静态实验研究了其对水溶液中Cu2+的吸附特性,考察了溶液pH值、吸附温度和离子强度对吸附的影响,探讨了吸附热力学、动力学和吸附机理。结果表明:溶液pH值为5～6时活性炭对Cu2+的去除效果最好;向50 mL 170 mg·L-1的溶液中加入0.5 g活性炭,温度为45℃、吸附时间为1 h时,对Cu2+的去除率可达98.3%;Langmuir方程能更好地描述Cu2+在活性炭上的等温吸附特征,静态吸附容量可达41.03 mg·g-1;吸附过程符合拟二级动力学过程,且为吸热的化学吸附过程,膜扩散为速率控制步骤,离子交换可能在吸附过程中起了重要作用。     

不同厚度生物降解地膜在崇明生态岛“两无化”稻田中的降解特性研究

2020年6—12月,在崇明生态岛“两无化”水稻种植基地进行大田实验,检测并分析了生物降解地膜的微观形貌、化学结构、相对分子量,探究不同厚度生物降解地膜的降解以及物理化学性质的变化。结果表明:随着覆膜时间延长,不同厚度的生物降解地膜表面均出现孔洞且数量逐渐增多;生物降解地膜中聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二酯(PBAT)可能发生了诺里什Ⅱ型反应,导致高分子材料分子链的断裂;生物降解地膜相对分子量均先增后减,地膜中高分子在稻田环境中发生了的断裂、重组、分解,形成分子量相对较小的降解物;覆膜135 d时厚度为0.0100、0.0090、0.0085 mm的生物降解地膜的数均分子量分别比初始下降了15.32%、28.54%、22.88%,重均分子量则分别下降了17.00%、21.73%、16.21%。     

注浆微型钢管桩体轴向承载特性的试验研究∗

针对注浆微型钢管桩用于桩基工程时的承载与变形性能的研究相对较少,借助室内试验研究钢管直径d和壁厚t、桩体长H、浆体水灰比、钢管表面布孔直径r和间距s等因素对微型钢管桩轴向承载、变形和破坏模式的影响.结果 表明:钢管直径和壁厚是影响微型钢管桩轴向极限荷载的主要因素,随着钢管直径和壁厚增加,极限荷载近似呈线性增加,破坏模式由脆性破坏向延性破坏发展;增加桩长或注浆体水灰比,极限荷载呈减少趋势;当钢管直径与桩径之比增至0.59≤d/D≤0.72时,试验桩长、注浆水灰比和钢管表面布孔形式对轴向极限荷载的影响较小;进而基于桩体轴向承载特性及钢管受力与应变分析,提出了合理桩径比值为0.59≤d/D≤0.72,并提出了微型钢管桩轴向极限荷载计算公式.