From the enclave to the city: the economic benefits of immigrant flexibility

While much attention has been paid to the entrepreneurial “base” of the ethnic economy, the enclave is primarily composed of thousands of hourly employees working in small co-ethnic or multi-ethnic immigrant firms. The US economy benefits from over 10?billion dollars in taxed income and wages from immigrants whose social security numbers do not match up with their employee tax identification numbers. Multiple mismatches and misinformation about immigrants (from an economic, cultural, and political standpoint) demonstrate the need to understand the unique potential of immigrant communities in facilitating urban growth. Koreatown in Los Angeles, an ethnic enclave economy that is also a central business district for many immigrant workers, is one emergent example of new types of flexibility around citizenship status and semi-formal jobs as they are negotiated on a daily basis in the neighbourhood. Previous studies of the ethnic enclave have maintained that there is a singular importance to the co-ethnic network (Korean to Korean, or Cuban to Cuban, for example), and yet this traditional characterisation of the ethnic enclave does not hold true in most urban ethnic enclaves, which include multiple ethnic groups working side by side. Interviews with Korean and Latino workers demonstrate the ways in which people (including undocumented individuals) contribute to the local economy, and informally communicate in neighbourhoods and cities to build a broader social and economic network outside of enclave boundaries.     

磺胺类药物在土壤中的形态转化及降解研究

采用批量平衡试验法研究了磺胺嘧啶和磺胺甲恶唑在添加模拟根系分泌物处理和对照中的形态转化及降解规律.结果表明,有机溶剂提取态、水溶态和结合态含量占总量的比例分别为86.5%~98.5%、0.6%~7.3%和0.1%~12.5%,有机溶剂提取态是2种药物在土壤中的主要存在形态.结合态所占比例随时间的增加而增高,添加模拟根系分泌物有利于土壤中磺胺嘧啶和磺胺甲恶唑结合态的形成,对水溶态和有机溶剂提取态形成的影响较小.土壤中磺胺嘧啶和磺胺甲恶唑的降解遵循一级反应动力学,可决系数为0.9273~0.9963.2种药物在添加模拟根系分泌物处理中的降解速率大于在对照的降解速率.     

Shewanella oneidensis MR-1对针铁矿的还原与汞的生物甲基化

在实验室模拟条件下,研究了铁还原菌奥奈达希瓦氏菌Shewanella oneidensis MR-1对针铁矿的异化还原及其对汞生物甲基化的影响.结果表明,S.oneidensis MR-1能溶解针铁矿,并能将溶解出的Fe3+还原成Fe2+;S.oneidensis MR-1也是一种汞甲基化细菌,能够将无机汞转化成甲基汞.铁的溶解还原作用随着初始针铁矿剂量的大幅增加而减弱,针铁矿的异化还原在一定程度内促进汞的生物甲基化.弱酸性条件比中碱性和强酸条件有利于汞的甲基化;腐殖酸在低浓度促进汞甲基化,浓度过高则会抑制汞的甲基化.     

磷石膏堆场周边水稻土重金属污染特征及稻米的人体健康风险分析

为查明德阳绵竹市某磷石膏堆场周边土壤及农作物重金属污染情况,确定治理优先权,对堆场周边土壤、水稻协同采样并测定分析,利用健康风险评价模型,分析磷石膏堆场周边水稻土污染特征、稻米中重金属累积特征及食用风险,并进行人体健康风险评价.结果表明:磷石膏堆场周边土壤和稻米中重金属含量均与采样点和尾矿中心距离负相关,距离越近重金属...     

死亡藻细胞对水中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)的吸附研究

本文选用死亡的短裸甲藻（Gymnodinium breve cells）和中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）细胞作为吸附剂,分析了其理化性质,拟合了对邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（dibutyl phthalate,DBP）的吸附动力学和吸附等温线,探究了pH和离子强度对吸附效果的影响。结果表明:两种死亡藻细胞对DBP的吸附符合伪二级动力学模型,吸附过程以化学吸附为主,吸附等温线符合Freundlich模型,吸附过程为多层吸附主导的混合吸附;pH 从2.0至3.5时,两种死亡藻细胞的吸附量随pH的升高而降低,而pH从3.5至9.5时,吸附量随pH的增加而增大;NaCl浓度从0至0.05 mol/L时,两种死亡藻细胞对DBP的吸附量迅速增大,从0.05 mol/L升至0.50 mol/L过程中其吸附量基本没有变化。本研究证明了死亡藻细胞可以吸附水中的DBP,而且发现无细胞壁的短裸甲藻的吸附能力显著优于中肋骨条藻,研究结果对于死亡藻细胞应用于水环境中PAEs的去除具有重要意义。     

抑爆粉剂浓度及粒度对瓦斯爆炸抑制效果的影响

抑爆粉剂的参数指标是影响隔抑爆装置抑制瓦斯爆炸效果的重要因素之一。通过20 L球形爆炸特性实验装置对多种不同抑爆粉剂浓度及粒度条件下的瓦斯爆炸特性参数进行了测试。研究表明:随着抑爆剂浓度的逐渐增加,瓦斯爆炸最大压力降低,最大压力上升速率降低,压力到达峰值时间延迟;在20 L密闭环境,粉剂粒度＜15 μm的条件下,当抑爆粉剂浓度增加到225 g/m3时,瓦斯混合气体被完全惰化,失去爆炸性;在15~80 μm抑爆粉剂粒度范围内,随着粒度的减小,抑爆性能先减弱后增强,在抑爆粉剂浓度为200 g/m3时,15 μm 与70~80 μm粉剂粒度最大爆炸压力分别下降了19.8%,17.8%,而40~50 μm粒度爆炸压力下降了6.4%。     

Comparison of the physical and chemical characteristics of fine road dust at different urban sites

The size distribution and chemical components of a fine fraction (<2.5 μm) of road dust collected at urban sites in Korea (Gwangju) and Mongolia (Ulaanbaatar) where distinct urban characteristics exist were measured. A clear bimodal size distribution was observed for the resuspended fine road dust at the urban sites in Korea. The first mode peaked at 100–110 nm, and the second peak was observed at 435–570 nm. Ultrafine mode (~30 nm) was found for the fine road dust at the Mongolia site, which was significantly affected by residential coal/biomass burning. The contribution of the water-soluble ions to the fine road dust was higher at the sites in Mongolia (15.8–16.8%) than at those in Korea (1.2–4.8%). Sulfate and chloride were the most dominant ionic species for the fine road dust in Mongolia. As (arsenic) was also much higher for the Mongolian road dust than the others. The sulfate, chloride, and As mainly come from coal burning activity, suggesting that coal and biomass combustion in Mongolia during the heating season should affect the size and chemical components of the fine road dust. Cu (copper) and Zn (zinc), carbonaceous particles (organic carbon [OC] and elemental carbon [EC]) increased at sites in Korea, suggesting that the fine road dust at these sites was significantly affected by the high volume of traffic (engine emission and brake/tire wear). Our results suggest that chemical profiles for road dust specific to certain sites should be applied to more accurately apportion road dust source contributing to the ambient particulate matter.

Implications: Size and chemical characteristics of fine road dust at sites having distinct urban characteristics were examined. Residential coal and biomass burning and traffic affected physiochemical properties of the fine road dust. Different road dust profiles at different sites should be needed to determine the ambient PM2.5 sources more accurately.     

区域定量风险评价理论探讨

基于区域风险评价的特点,给出区域定量风险评价的定义;提出区域定量风险评价的模式;基于事故后果分析方法和灰关联度理论,提出分析项目间风险关联性大小的分析方法。通过对风险关联度计算结果利用曲线进行圆滑处理,将其关联性大小分为4级;在确定不同风险关联度级别的同时,还可以精确反映出同一级别之间及相邻级别之间的相关性差异水平。通过对沈阳化工园区的实际应用,验证了该方法的可行性及其应用效果。风险关联性理论在园区区域定量风险评价中具有一定的实用价值。     

Sustainable Water Resources Management in a Conflict Resolution Framework1

Abstract: A decision support system for sustainable water resources management in a water conflict resolution framework is developed to identify and evaluate a range of acceptable alternatives for the Geum River Basin in Korea and to facilitate strategies that will result in sustainable water resource management. Working with stakeholders in a “shared vision modeling” framework, sustainable management strategies are created to illustrate system tradeoffs as well as long‐term system planning. A multi‐criterion decision‐making (MCDM) approach using subjective scales is utilized to evaluate the complex water resource allocation and management tradeoffs between stakeholders and system objectives. The procedures used in this study include the development of a “shared vision model,” a simulated decision‐making support system (as a tool for sustainable water management strategies associated with water conflicts, management options, and planning criteria), and the application of MCDM techniques for evaluating alternatives provided by the model. The research results demonstrate the utility of the sustainable water resource management model in aid of MCDM techniques in facilitating flexibility during initial stages of alternative identification and evaluation in a basin suffering from severe water conflicts.     

Comparison of morphological defences in asexually and sexually reproduced eggs of Daphnia (D. galeata and D. similis) against fish kairomones

In the present study, we investigated morphological changes of hatchlings from asexually and sexually produced eggs of Daphnia galeata and D. similis against fish kairomones. In both species, hatchlings from asexual eggs showed induced traits, such as short body length, long tail spine and high relative tail spine length when influenced by fish kairomones. However, hatchlings from sexual eggs expressed high relative tail spine length regardless of kairomones presence. The results showed that the inducibility of morphological defences depends on the egg type, with inducible defences predominant in asexual eggs while fixed defences are employed by the offspring of sexual eggs in Daphnia.