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971.
Jaffrezic A Jardé E Pourcher AM Gourmelon M Caprais MP Heddadj D Cottinet P Bilal M Derrien M Marti R Mieszkin S 《Journal of environmental quality》2011,40(3):959-968
Fecal contamination of water resources is evaluated by the enumeration of the fecal coliforms and Enterococci. However, the enumeration of these indicators does not allow us to differentiate between the sources of fecal contamination. Therefore, it is important to use alternative indicators of fecal contamination to identify livestock contamination in surface waters. The concentration of fecal indicators (, enteroccoci, and F-specific bacteriophages), microbiological markers (Rum-2-bac, Pig-2-bac, and ), and chemical fingerprints (sterols and stanols and other chemical compounds analyzed by 3D-fluorescence excitation-matrix spectroscopy) were determined in runoff waters generated by an artificial rainfall simulator. Three replicate plot experiments were conducted with swine slurry and cattle manure at agronomic nitrogen application rates. Low amounts of bacterial indicators (1.9-4.7%) are released in runoff water from swine-slurry-amended soils, whereas greater amounts (1.1-28.3%) of these indicators are released in runoff water from cattle-manure-amended soils. Microbial and chemical markers from animal manure were transferred to runoff water, allowing discrimination between swine and cattle fecal contamination in the environment via runoff after manure spreading. Host-specific bacterial and chemical markers were quantified for the first time in runoff waters samples after the experimental spreading of swine slurry or cattle manure. 相似文献
972.
Sheng Fulai Gary Flomenhoft Timothy J. Downs MaÁngeles Grande‐Ortiz Dana Graef Bert Scholtens Arthur P.J. Mol David A. Sonnenfeld Gert Spaargaren Rajeev K. Goel Edward W.T. Hsieh Serban Scrieciu Reinhard Steurer Christine Polzin Genia Kostka Tiho Ancev Elke Pirgmaier Frank Boons Karl‐Henrik Robèrt Christopher Bryant Ke Zhou Surya Raj Acharya David Huberman Denis J. Sonwa Michelle Mycoo Dabo Guan Klaus Hubacek U. Rashid Sumaila Hector G. Lopez‐Ruiz G. Jason Jolley Michael L. Dougherty André Francisco Pilon Ravi Prakash Tulus Tambunan Sebastian Hermann 《Natural resources forum》2011,35(1):63-72
973.
Osma JF Toca-Herrera JL Rodríguez-Couto S 《Journal of environmental management》2011,92(11):2907-2912
In this paper the cost of producing the enzyme laccase by the white-rot fungus Trametes pubescens under both submerged (SmF) and solid-state fermentation (SSF) conditions was studied. The fungus was cultured using more than 45 culture medium compositions. The cost of production was estimated by analyzing the cost of the culture medium, the cost of equipment and the operating costs. The cost of the culture medium represented, in all cases, the highest contribution to the total cost, while, the cost of equipment was significantly low, representing less than 2% of the total costs. The cultivation under SSF conditions presented a final cost 50-fold lower than the one obtained when culturing under SmF conditions at flask scale. In addition, the laccase production under SSF conditions in tray bioreactors reduced the final cost 4-fold compared to the one obtained under SSF conditions at flask scale, obtaining a final price of 0.04 cent €/U. 相似文献
974.
Evaluation of Fenton and ozone-based advanced oxidation processes as mature landfill leachate pre-treatments 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Fenton treatment (Fe2+/H2O2) and different ozone-based Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) (O3, O3/OH− and O3/H2O2) were evaluated as pre-treatment of a mature landfill leachate, in order to improve the biodegradability of its recalcitrant organic matter for subsequent biological treatment. With a two-fold diluted leachate, at optimised experimental conditions (initial pH 3, H2O2 to Fe2+ molar ratio of 3, Fe2+ dosage of 4 mmol L−1, and reaction time of 40 min) Fenton treatment removed about 46% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and increased the five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) to COD ratio (BOD5/COD) from 0.01 to 0.15. The highest removal efficiency and biodegradability was achieved by ozone at higher pH values, solely or combined with H2O2. These results confirm the enhanced production of hydroxyl radical under such conditions. After the application for 60 min of ozone at 5.6 g O3 h−1, initial pH 7, and 400 mg L−1 of hydrogen peroxide, COD removal efficiency was 72% and BOD5/COD increased from 0.01 to 0.24. An estimation of the operating costs of the AOPs processes investigated revealed that Fe2+/H2O2 was the most economical system (8.2 € m−3 g−1 of COD removed) to treat the landfill leachate. This economic study, however, should be treated with caution since it does not consider the initial investment, prices at plant scale, maintenance and labour costs. 相似文献
975.
Juan A. Amat Miguel A. Rendón Juan Garrido-Fernández Araceli Garrido Manuel Rendón-Martos Antonio Pérez-Gálvez 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(4):665-673
It was long thought that the colour of bird feathers does not change after plumage moult. However, there is increasing evidence
that the colour of feathers may change due to abrasion, photochemical change and staining, either accidental or deliberate.
The coloration of plumage due to deliberate staining, i.e. with cosmetic purposes, may help individuals to communicate their
quality to conspecifics. The presence of carotenoids in preen oils has been previously only suggested, and here we confirm
for the first time its presence in such oils. Moreover, the carotenoids in the uropygial secretions were the same specific
pigments found in feathers. We show not only that the colour of feathers of greater flamingos Phoenicopterus roseus became more colourful due to the application of carotenoids from uropygial secretions over the plumage but also that the
feathers became more colourful with the quantity of pigments applied over them, thus providing evidence of cosmetic coloration.
Flamingos used uropygial secretions as cosmetic much more frequently during periods when they were displaying in groups than
during the rest of the year, suggesting that the primary function of cosmetic coloration is mate choice. Individuals with
more colourful plumage initiated nesting earlier. There was a correlation between plumage coloration before and after removal
of uropygial secretions from feathers’ surfaces, suggesting that the use of these pigmented secretions may function as a signal
amplifier by increasing the perceptibility of plumage colour, and hence of individual quality. As the cosmetic coloration
strengthens signal intensity by reinforcing base-plumage colour, its use may help to the understanding of selection for signal
efficacy by making interindividual differences more apparent. 相似文献
976.
To date, the vast majority of studies in urban areas have been carried out on birds, yet it is not known whether the responses of birds to urbanization are congruent with those of other taxa. In this paper, we compared the responses of breeding birds and carabid beetles to urbanization, specifically asking whether the emerging generalizations of the effects of extreme levels of urbanization on birds (declines in total species richness and the richness of specialist species, increases in total abundance and the abundances of native generalist and introduced species, and community simplification, including increasing similarity) could also be applied to ground beetles. We also directly tested for congruence between birds and ground beetles using correlations between variables describing bird and beetle community structure and correlations between bird and beetle distance matrices describing community dissimilarity between pairs of sampling locations. Breeding bird and carabid beetle community data were collected in Ottawa, Ontario, and Gatineau, Quebec, Canada, in two groups of sites: developed sites representing the predictor variable within-site housing density, and forested sites adjacent to development representing the predictor variable neighboring housing density (each site was 0.25 km2). Breeding birds and carabid beetles do not respond similarly to increasing within-site housing density but do exhibit some similar responses to increasing neighboring housing density. Birds displayed strong declines in diversity, compositional changes, and community simplification in response to increasing within-site housing density. Forest and introduced species of birds and beetles responded similarly to increasing housing density within a site, but responses of overall diversity and open-habitat species richness and patterns of community simplification differed between birds and beetles. Increasing neighboring housing density resulted in increases in the abundances of introduced birds and introduced beetles and similar patterns of community simplification in both taxa. To better understand and mitigate the effects of urbanization on biodiversity, we suggest that, in addition to the responses of birds, future research should focus on the responses of other taxa in the urban matrix. 相似文献
977.
We investigated the temporal and spatial changes in the floristic composition and abundance in sand dunes along a coastal
strip in the province of Buenos Aires (Argentina). Firstly, we analysed changes over a span of 70 years, comparing 41 of our
own inventories carried out in 14 beach resorts in 2005–2006 with 18 inventories made in the first half of the XXth century (1930–1940) in the same study area. We grouped sampled plots into four categories for comparison, taking into account
the time period (1930–1940 or 2005–2006) and location at each end of the surveyed coastal strip in the northern or southern
‘tourist’ sectors. Secondly, we analysed the effect of afforestation with exotic trees on extant sand dune vegetation for
the period 2005–2006. A total of 74 plant inventories were carried out in afforested and natural dunes at the same resorts.
In both comparisons we contrasted plant richness, percentage plant cover, similarity and diversity. A cluster analysis was
used to classify categories taking into account plant abundance and composition. Significant differences in total diversity
were observed between sampling years, suggesting an increase in diversity at the present time due to urbanization and recreation
related activities. Nevertheless, no single exotic plant species was clearly dominant across the sampled sites, suggesting
that these coastal areas are, up to now, resistant to alien invasion. Diversity indexes discriminated by plant groups indicating
different habitat conditions and exotics were shown to be more sensitive to existing changes than to total richness and cover. 相似文献
978.
��lvaro S��nchez Rodr��guez Zoraida Sosa Ferrera Jos�� Juan Santana Rodr��guez 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2011,9(2):203-208
An analytical procedure was developed to allow for the study of the levels of concentration of biocides in the various different
ports on the island of Gran Canaria, The Canary Islands. The analytes studied were extracted from water samples using solid-phase
extraction and then determined by high-performance liquid chromatography using a diode array detector. The relative standard
deviations of the developed procedure were under 12%. Recoveries over 85% and limits of detection between 0.007 and 0.4 μg/L
were obtained for all the analytes. The method was applied to the analysis of sea water samples from the ports and marinas
on the island of Gran Canaria. 相似文献
979.
In this paper a PSIAC-based multi-parameter fuzzy pattern recognition (MPFPR) model is proposed and applied for classifying and ranking the potential soil erosion (PSE). In this approach, standard value matrix is used to define the membership degrees of each catchment to each class and the feature values are used for alternative ranking. The characteristic of PSE for each class is expressed by linguistic variables. The proposed method is straightforward, easy to understand, very practical, and its results may easily be interpreted. To assess the performance of the model, the results of PSIAC MPFPR and original PSIAC method are interpreted and compared with the observed data. It is shown that the proposed approach reflects the fuzzy nature of the soil erosion more efficiently and is quite robust for application in real world cases. 相似文献
980.
A comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of solar photo-Fenton and solar photoelectro-Fenton, two solar-driven advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) devoted to the removal of non-biodegradable pollutants in water, is performed. The study is based on the removal, at laboratory scale, of the amino acid α-methylphenylglycine, a good example of soluble and non-biodegradable target pollutant. The system under study includes chemicals, electricity, transport of all raw materials to the plant site, and the generation of emissions, but it does not take into account the impact of the infrastructure needed to build a hypothetical solar plant. Nine environmental impact categories are included in the LCA: global warming potential, ozone depletion potential, aquatic eutrophication potential, acidification potential, human toxicity potential, photochemical ozone formation potential, fresh water aquatic ecotoxicity potential, marine aquatic ecotoxicity potential, and terrestrial ecotoxicity potential and abiotic resource depletion potential. Although previous experimental results show that both AOPs are able to efficiently degrade the pollutant, the LCA indicates that solar-driven photo-Fenton is the most environmentally friendly alternative, mainly because the use of electricity in solar photoelectro-Fenton experiments involves high environmental impacts. 相似文献