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221.
Adama Ndao Balasubramanian Sellamuthu Jean R. Gnepe Rajeshwar D. Tyagi Jose R. Valero 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2017,52(9):623-630
Pilot-scale Bacillus thuringiensis based biopesticide production (2000 L bioreactor) was conducted using starch industry wastewater (SIW) as a raw material using optimized operational parameters obtained in 15 L and 150 L fermenters. In pilot scale fermentation process the oxygen transfer rate is a major limiting factor for high product yield. Thus, the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (KLa) remains a tool to determine the oxygen transfer capacity [oxygen utilization rate (OUR) and oxygen transfer rate (OTR)] to obtain better bacterial growth rate and entomotoxicity in new bioreactor process optimization and scale-up. This study results demonstrated that the oxygen transfer rate in 2000 L bioreactor was better than 15 L and 150 L fermenters. The better oxygen transfer in 2000 L bioreactor augmented the bacterial growth [total cell (TC) and viable spore count (SC)] and delta-endotoxin yield. Prepared a stable biopesticide formulation for field use and its entomotoxicity was also evaluated. This study result corroborates the feasibility of industrial scale operation of biopesticide production using starch industry wastewater as raw material. 相似文献
222.
Carolina S. Machado Brisa M. Fregonesi Renato I. S. Alves Karina A. A. Tonani Jordi Sierra Bruno S. Martinis Beatriz S. Celere Montse Mari Marta Schuhmacher Martí Nadal Jose L. Domingo Susana Segura-Muñoz 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2017,24(25):20160-20172
Mixture of metals and herbicides in rivers may pose relevant risks for the health of surrounding communities. Humans may be exposed to river pollution through intake of contaminated water and fish, as well as irrigated agricultural products. The aim of this study was to assess the human health risks of environmental exposure to metals and herbicides through water and fish intake in the Pardo River. Metals (Al, As, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mn, Hg, Ni, Tl, Sn, V, and Zn) were analyzed in river water and in edible fish. Herbicides (ametryn, atrazine, diuron, hexazinone, simazine, and tebuthiuron) were analyzed in river water. Seasonal variances were also studied. Aluminum, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn levels in river water were higher than the USEPA benchmarks. Non-carcinogenic risks due to pollutants mixture exposure were above the limit, and carcinogenic risks of As exposure were >10?6 in the sampling points during the rainy season. Metal levels in fish were lower than the Brazilian legislation and do not pose a threat to public health. Herbicides were detected in four sampling points, with atrazine concentrations (range 0.16–0.32 μg/L) below the Brazilian standard (2.0 μg/L), but above the European Union standard (0.1 μg/L). Considering the water supply needs of cities located in the Pardo River Basin and the persistence of metals and herbicides, the present study indicated that there was a seasonal influence on non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to human health, especially in the rainy season. Studies for water treatment plants implantation should consider the risks of exposure to persistent substances, in order to protect the population. 相似文献
223.
Wen-Whai Li Ruben Orquiz Jose H. Garcia Tania T. Espino Nicholas E. Pingitore Jorge Gardea-Torresdey 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(11):1551-1560
ABSTRACT This paper presents and discusses the results obtained from the gravimetric and chemical analyses of the 24-hr average dichotomous samples collected from five sites in the El Paso-Cd. Juarez air quality basin between August 1999 and March 2000. Gravimetric analysis was performed to determine the temporal and spatial variations of PM2.5 (particulate matter less than 2.5 um in diameter) and PM2.5-10 (particulate matter less than 10 μm but greater than 2.5 μm in diameter) mass concentrations. The results indicate that ~25% of the PM10 (i.e., PM2.5 + PM2.5-10) concentration is composed of PM2.5. Concurrent measurements of hourly PM concentrations and wind speed showed strong diurnal patterns of the regional PM pollution. Results of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) elemental analyses were compared to similar but limited studies performed by the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission (TNRCC) in 1990 and 1997. Major elements from geologic sources—Al, Si, Ca, Na, K, Fe, and Ti—accounted for 35% of the total mass concentrations in the PM2.5-10 fraction, indicating that geologic sources in the area are the dominant PM sources. Levels of toxic trace elements, mainly considered as products of anthropogenic activities, have decreased significantly from those observed in 1990 and 1997. 相似文献
224.
225.
María Pilar Martín Porrero Maria Paz Gallego-Iniesta García Jose Luis Espinosa Ruiz Araceli Tapia Valle Beatriz Cabañas Galán Maria Sagrario Salgado Muñoz 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2010,17(3):539-546
Background, aim, and scope
Acrylate and methacrylate esters are α,β-unsaturated esters that contain vinyl groups directly attached to the carbonyl carbon (CH2=CHCOO– and CH2=CCH3COO–, respectively) and are widely used in the polymer plastic and resin production. Rate coefficients for Cl reactions for most of the unsaturated esters have not been previously determined, and a good understanding is needed of all the atmospheric oxidation processes of these compounds in order to determine lifetimes in the atmosphere and to evaluate the impact of these reactions on the formation of photo-oxidants and therefore on health and environment. 相似文献226.
In this paper investigation on thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) and thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPV) derived from waste polypropylene
(WPP) of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) are reported. The WPP was segregated, cleaned,
dried and melt processed with NBR at 180 °C in a Brabender Plasticorder at different blend ratios. TPV was prepared by dynamic
vulcanization of the TPE with conventional sulfur accelerator curing system. The mechanical properties measured were found
to decrease with increase in NBR proportion in the blend; however the dynamic vulcanization of the nitrile rubber phase enhanced
the strength properties of the corresponding TPE. The crystallinity of the WPP reduced with increase in NBR ratio. The dynamic
modulus decreased with nitrile rubber content in the TPE. Interestingly, the storage modulus of the TPV at higher rubber content
enhanced significantly and damping characteristics increased sharply. The rheology studies reveal that the damping of the
blend has been reduced with the addition of high storage modulus rubber at melt processing conditions and hence increased
viscosity. The amorphous rubber content with higher storage modulus imparts higher viscosity for the polypropylene (PP) matrix
at the processing temperature. The SEM study reveals that the dynamic vulcanization of the rubber phase in the blend caused
a smoother and finer surface morphology. 相似文献
227.
228.
Viñas L Franco A Blanco X Bargiela J Soriano JA Perez-Fernandez B Gonzalez JJ 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2012,19(2):529-539
The aim of this study was to establish the temporal trends and spatial distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
in Ria de Vigo by means of studying the PAH burden in wild mussels. The samples were collected in eight sites along the margins
of the Ria de Vigo during November from 1998 to 2008 and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon contents were determined using high
performance liquid chromatography–fluorescence derivatization (HPLC–FLD). Quality of chemical analysis was guaranteed by participation
in QUASIMEME intercalibration exercises carried out during the period of analysis. The concentrations for the sum of 13 PAHs
were in the range 24–480 μg/kg dw, typical of an urban and industrialized area (50–500 μg/kg dw) except for a punctual input
in La Guía in 1998 that led to a concentration above 1,000 μg/kg dw. In general, the sites in the outermost section of the
estuary (ría) showed the lowest values, with an increasing gradient in the medium and inner parts of the ría. Temporal patterns
show, in general, a downward trend. The relative proportion of 3 and 4 ring PAHs also varies with the site, the former being
predominant in the outermost area and the latter in the medium and inner parts of the ría. This is consistently related with
the sources and processes taking place in different areas of the estuary. 相似文献
229.
Trophic ecology and geographic location are crucial factors explaining OC levels in marine vertebrates, but these factors are often difficult to disentangle. To examine their relative influence, we analyzed PCBs, DDTs and stable-nitrogen isotope signatures (δ15N) in the blood of 10 pelagic seabird species across 7 breeding localities from the northeast Atlantic and western Mediterranean. Large scale geographic patterns emerged due to the confined character and greater historical OC inputs in the Mediterranean compared to the Atlantic basin. Spatial patterns also emerged at the regional scale within the Atlantic basin, probably associated with long-range pollutant transport. Trophic ecology, however, was also a major factor explaining OC levels. We found clear and consistent OC differences among species regardless of the sampled locality. However, species δ15N and blood OC levels were not correlated within most breeding localities. Petrel species showed significantly greater OC burdens than most shearwater species but similar trophic positions, as indicated by their similar δ15N signatures. This pattern probably results from Petrel species feeding on mesopelagic fish and squid that migrate close to the sea surface at night, whereas shearwater species mainly feed on epipelagic diurnal prey. In sum, this study illustrates the lasting and unequal influence of past human activities such as PCB and DDT usage across different marine regions. In addition, our results suggest that multi-species designs are powerful tools to monitor geographic patterns of OCs and potentially useful to assess their vertical dynamics in the marine environment. 相似文献
230.