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111.
Esteban J. Bernechea Juan Antonio Vílchez Josep Arnaldos 《Process Safety and Environmental Protection》2013,91(6):423-437
It is well known that the domino effect can have a major impact on accidents in storage facilities, as it can increase the consequences of an initial event considerably. However, quantitative risk assessments (QRAs) do not usually take the domino effect into account in a detailed, systematic way, mostly because of its complexity and the difficulties involved in its incorporation. We have developed a simple method to include the domino effect in QRAs of storage facilities, by estimating the frequency with which new accidents will occur due to this phenomenon. The method has been programmed and implemented in two case studies. The results show that it can indeed be used to include the possibility of domino effect occurrence in a QRA. Furthermore, depending on the design of a facility, the domino effect can have a significant effect on the associated risk. 相似文献
112.
The results of a surveillance programme on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and co-planar polychlorinated biphenyls (co-PCBs) determination in 70 foodstuffs samples produced all over the four provinces of Catalonia is presented. The study included the analyses of raw milk, pure virgin olive oil, butter, chicken, pork and mussel samples collected between November 1999 and January 2000. Milk, virgin oil, pork or butter presented a variable dioxin and co-PCBs content, even though the limits proposed in the draft of the EC Regulation for its commercialization in the European countries were not reached. The levels of PCDDs/PCDFs and co-PCBs determined in chicken samples varied between 0.36–3.59 pg I-TEQ/g fat chicken (0.4–3.8 WHO-TEQ/g fat). Just one case presented remarkable content of dioxins (about 30 pg I-TEQ/g fat) with a complex congener-specific profile which indicates the presence of an external contamination. On the other hand, a congener-specific profile dominated by 2,3,7,8-TCDF and OCDD was observed in mussel samples from Catalonia. This fact was also observed in mussel samples from other sites in Spain. 相似文献
113.
Moreno-Jiménez E Gamarra R Carpena-Ruiz RO Millán R Peñalosa JM Esteban E 《Chemosphere》2006,63(11):1969-1973
Mercury is a widely distributed environmental pollutant, able to induce toxicity in living organisms, including higher plants. Some plant species are able to grow in mine sites, like the Almadén zone in Spain. Our study focus on two of these plant species, Rumex induratus and Marrubium vulgare and their responses to natural Hg exposure. Total Hg concentration in the soil below the plants could be classified as toxic, although the available fraction was low. Hg availability was higher for the M. vulgare than for the R. induratus plot. Hg concentrations in field plants of R. induratus and M. vulgare grown on these soils can be considered as phytotoxic, although no symptoms of Hg toxicity were observed in any of them. According to the BAF ([Hg]tissue/[Hg]avail), R. induratus showed a higher ability in Hg uptake and translocation to shoots, as well as higher concentrations of MDA and –SH:Hg ratios, so that this plant is more sensitive to Hg than M. vulgare. The resistance to Hg and the capability to extract Hg from the soil make both M. vulgare and R. induratus good candidates for Hg phytoremediation of contaminated soils. 相似文献
114.
Occurrence and degradation of butyltins and wastewater marker compounds in sediments from Barcelona harbor, Spain 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Contamination of Barcelona harbor sediments was assessed by the quantitative determination of butyltins (TBT, DBT and MBT) and surfactant intermediates, namely linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) and nonylphenols (NPs), as markers of urban and industrial wastewater contamination, respectively. Degradation indexes of TBT and LABs were calculated. Tributyltin predominated in the whole area over its degradation products, ranging from 98 to 4702 ng Sn/g. These elevated concentrations reveal a persistent historical contamination and a moderate degradation (BT(deg)). Moreover, the high LAB concentrations (1.2-53.1 microg/g) compared to the relatively low NP levels (3.8-72.0 ng/g) suggest a predominance of urban over industrial wastewater inputs, although a significant correlation (r(2) = 0.82, N = 12, P = 0.001) between LABs and NPs was found. Stormwater runoff and combined sewer overflows (CSO) were likely the most possible sources for both surfactant intermediates. The high degradation index values obtained for LABs could indicate an improvement in the wastewater management reducing its recent discharge into the Barcelona harbor area. 相似文献
115.
We analyzed the effects of changes in land cover on the water balance in Spain’s Marina Baixa County, on the Mediterranean
coast. To reveal how different land management strategies have affected the area’s environment, four municipalities within
the same catchment were studied: Benidorm, Callosa d’en Sarrià, Beniardà, and Guadalest. In the municipalities of Callosa
and Benidorm, the proportion of the area covered by woodland declined by 4.2% and 30.2%, respectively, and woodland was replaced
by agriculture and urban development. The abandonment of farmland produced a 17% increase in the proportion of the area covered
by vegetation in Guadalest and Beniardá, where frequent forest fires have exacerbated a decrease in the area of pine woodland.
Tourism development in Benidorm has been accompanied by an increase in the transportation infrastructure and by an expansion
of areas with an impermeable surface, with the lowest level of infiltration into the aquifer system. These changes have generated
a net water deficit in Callosa and Benidorm of more than 6 Mm3/year, creating a high demand for water imported from other municipalities (Guadalest and Beniardá) or from outside of the
county to maintain the sustainability of the current water management strategies. The Marina Baixa case study is representative
of many of the world’s coastal areas that are undergoing rapid urban development based on an inappropriate understanding of
human progress based mainly on economic development and thus provides insights into water management in other areas. 相似文献
116.
Self-recruitment rates are essential parameters in the estimation of connectivity among populations, having important consequences
in marine conservation biology. Using ten highly polymorphic microsatellite loci, we estimate, over 3 years, the self-recruitment
in a population of Tripterygion delaisi in the NW Mediterranean. Six previously described source populations were used for the assignment (Costa Brava, Columbretes,
Formentera, Cabo de Palos, Cabo de Gata and Tarifa). Even though this species has a 16–21 day larval duration, a mean of 66.4 ± 1.4%
of the recruits settled in their natal population. When refining in a more local scale the origin of individuals self-recruited
to Costa Brava, using as source the three sampling localities that conform this population (Cap de Creus, Tossa and Blanes),
the highest percentage (40.6 ± 8.9%) was self-assigned to the adult source locality (Blanes) where recruits were sampled each
year. Our results suggest that a high proportion of the larvae of T. delaisi remained close to, or never leave, their natal spawning area. This observation can be extrapolated to other species with
similar early life-history traits and low adult mobility and can have important implications for the conservation and management
of Mediterranean littoral fishes. 相似文献
117.
Peñas J Benito B Lorite J Ballesteros M Cañadas EM Martinez-Ortega M 《Environmental management》2011,48(1):168-176
Habitat fragmentation due to human activities is one of the most important causes of biodiversity loss. In Mediterranean areas
the species have co-evolved with traditional farming, which has recently been replaced for more severe and aggressive practices.
We use a methodological approach that enables the evaluation of the impact that agriculture and land use changes have for
the conservation of sensitive species. As model species, we selected Linaria nigricans, a critically endangered plant from arid and semiarid ecosystems in south-eastern Spain. A chronosequence of the evolution
of the suitable habitat for the species over more than 50 years has been reconstructed and several geometrical fragmentation
indices have been calculated. A new index called fragmentation cadence (FC) is proposed to quantify the historical evolution
of habitat fragmentation regardless of the habitat size. The application of this index has provided objective forecasting
of the changes of each remnant population of L. nigricans. The results indicate that greenhouses and construction activities (mainly for tourist purposes) exert a strong impact on
the populations of this endangered species. The habitat depletion showed peaks that constitute the destruction of 85% of the
initial area in only 20 years for some populations of L. nigricans. According to the forecast established by the model, a rapid extinction could take place and some populations may disappear
as early as the year 2030. Fragmentation-cadence analysis can help identify population units of primary concern for its conservation,
by means of the adoption of improved management and regulatory measures. 相似文献
118.
Vázquez S Hevia A Moreno E Esteban E Peñalosa JM Carpena RO 《Journal of environmental management》2011,92(8):2069-2075
Non-amended soils affected by pyritic sludge residues were monitored for 7 years to assess the long-term natural attenuation ability of these soils. The decrease in both the total concentration of elements (particularly As) and (NH(4))(2)SO(4)-extractable fractions of Mn, and Zn, below the maximum permissible levels indicate a successful natural ability to attenuate soil pollution. Soil acidification by pyrite oxidation and rainfall-enhanced leaching were the largest contributors to the reduction of metals of high (Mn, Cu, Zn and Cd) and low (Fe, Al, and As) availability. Periodic use of correlation and spatial distribution analysis was useful in monitoring elemental dispersion and soil property/element relationships. 相似文献
119.
Josep Maria Serra Jordi Cristobal Miquel Ninyerola 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2011,16(1):77-89
Environmental classification addresses issues involving the representation and analysis of continuous and variable ecological
data. This study creates a methodology to define topo-climatic landscapes (TCL) in the north-west of Catalonia, which is situated
in the north-east of the Iberian Peninsula. TCL provide data regarding the ecological behavior of a landscape in terms of
its topography, physiognomy, and climate, which are the main drivers of an ecosystem. The variables selected are derived from
a variety of different sources, such as remote sensing and climatic atlases. The methodology employed combines unsupervised
iterative cluster classification with supervised fuzzy classification. Twenty eight TCL, which can be differentiated in terms
of their vegetation physiognomy and vegetation altitudinal range type, were selected for the study area. Furthermore, a hierarchy
among the TCL is established which permits the merging of clusters and allows for changes in thematic resolution. By using
the topo-climatic landscape map, managers can identify patches with similar environmental conditions and at the same time
assess the uncertainty involved in classification. 相似文献
120.
A large scale survey of trace metal levels in coastal waters of the Western Mediterranean basin using caged mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Benedicto J Andral B Martínez-Gómez C Guitart C Deudero S Cento A Scarpato A Caixach J Benbrahim S Chouba L Boulahdid M Galgani F 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2011,13(5):1495-1505
A large scale study of trace metal contamination (Hg, Cd, Pb and Ni) by means of caged mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis was undertaken along the coastal waters of the Western Mediterranean Sea within the context of the MYTILOS project. Individual mussels from an homogeneous population (shell size 50 ± 5 mm) obtained from an aquaculture farm were consecutively caged and deployed at 123 sites located in the Alborán, North-Western, South-Western and Tyrrhenian sub-basins for 12 weeks (April-July) in 2004, 2005 and 2006. After cage recoveries, both the metal content in the whole mussel tissue and the allometric parameters were measured. Statistical analysis of the datasets showed significant differences in concentrations between sub-basins for some metals and mussel condition index (CI). Linear regression models coupled to the CI were revisited for the data adjustment of certain trace metals (Hg, Cd and Ni), and four level categories were statistically derived to facilitate interregional comparison. Seawater masses surrounding coastal areas impacted by run-off from land mineralised coasts and industrial activities displayed the highest concentration ranges (Hg: 0.15-0.31 mg kg(-1) dw; Cd: 1.97-2.11; Ni: 2.18-3.20 and Pb: 3.1-3.8), although the levels obtained in most of the sites fitted within moderate or low categories, and they could be considered as baseline concentrations. However, few sites considered little-influenced by human activities, at present, showed high concentrations of Cd, Ni and Pb, which constitute new areas of concern. Overall, the use of active biomonitoring (ABM) approach allowed to investigate trace metal contamination in order to support policy makers in establishing regional strategies (particularly, with regard to the European Marine Strategy Directive). 相似文献