香港维多利亚港疏浚淤泥对海洋底栖动物的毒性累积效应

为了评价香港维多利亚港疏浚淤泥对倾倒海区海洋底栖动物的影响,进行了两种底栖贝类和一种底栖甲壳类的生物毒性累积试验．结果表明,试验底牺贝类结蚶（Tegillarcanodifera）和缢蛏（Sinonovaculaconstricta）暴露在试验淤泥中240h和480h后,随暴露时间的延长,累积率增大．暴露240h后,结蚶对Cu、Cd、Hg、油类和Zn的累积率分别为9％、20％、97％、188％和265％,其中对Zn、Hg和油类累积效应明显．缢蛏则主要累积Hg和油类,对Cu和Pb的累积作用相对较弱,而对Zn无明显累积作用．暴露240h后,缢蛏对Pb、Cu、Hg和油类的累积率分别为0％、10％、60％和76％;暴露480h后,继蛏对Hg和油类的累积率分别增大到155％和171％,同时对Pb累积率也达到53％,而对Cu的累积效应增大不明显,累积率仅为15％．试验底栖甲壳类远海梭子蟹（Portunuspelagicus）则主要富集淤泥中的Zn、Pb和油类,其累积率分别为40％、100％和205％,对Cu、Cd和Hg累积效应不明显．     

Haze insights and mitigation in China: An overview

The present article provides an overview of the chemical and physical features of haze in China, focusing on the relationship between haze and atmospheric fine particles, and the formation mechanism of haze. It also summarizes several of control technologies and strategies to mitigate the occurrence of haze. The development of instruments and the analysis of measurements of ambient particles and precursor concentrations have provided important information about haze formation. Indeed, the use of new instruments has greatly facilitated current haze research in China. Examples of insightful results include the relationship between fine particles and haze, the chemical compositions and sources of particles, the impacts of the aging process on haze formation, and the application of technologies that control the formation of haze. Based on these results, two relevant issues need to be addressed： understanding the relationship between haze and fine particles and understanding how to control PM2.5.     

Greenhouse gas emissions during cattle feedlot manure composting

The emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) during feedlot manure composting reduces the agronomic value of the final compost and increases the greenhouse effect. A study was conducted to determine whether GHG emissions are affected by composting method. Feedlot cattle manure was composted with two aeration methods--passive (no turning) and active (turned six times). Carbon lost in the forms of CO2 and CH4 was 73.8 and 6.3 kg C Mg-1 manure for the passive aeration treatment and 168.0 and 8.1 kg C Mg-1 manure for the active treatment. The N loss in the form of N2O was 0.11 and 0.19 kg N Mg-1 manure for the passive and active treatments. Fuel consumption to turn and maintain the windrow added a further 4.4 kg C Mg-1 manure for the active aeration treatment. Since CH4 and N2O are 21 and 310 times more harmful than CO2 in their global warming effect, the total GHG emission expressed as CO2-C equivalent was 240.2 and 401.4 kg C Mg-1 manure for passive and active aeration. The lower emission associated with the passive treatment was mainly due to the incomplete decomposition of manure and a lower gas diffusion rate. In addition, turning affected N transformation and transport in the window profile, which contributed to higher N2O emissions for the active aeration treatment. Gas diffusion is an important factor controlling GHG emissions. Higher GHG concentrations in compost windrows do not necessarily mean higher production or emission rates.     

降雨诱发公路滑坡灾害危险性评价动态权重系统

本文通过深入分析影响降雨诱发公路滑坡灾害危险性的因素,构建了考虑不同降雨强度的动态评价指标体系,并用改进的层次分析法测算各分项指标的权重,最终以童家湾滑坡为例对动态权重系统应用于危险性评价的效果进行了检验。研究结果显示,随降雨工况的变化,表征各因素对评价系统影响程度的权重系统呈动态非线性变化趋势,由此导致滑坡危险性相对...     

"数字环保"战略探讨

经济相对发达地区城市，有良好的信息化基础，在政府的统筹规划下，采用正确的对策，可率先实现“数字环保”战略，进而实现资源的系统化管理及促进区域可持续发展，推动产业结构调整，提升地方科技竞争力，使环境保护工作科学化，规范化，公众化。     

Effect of a seasonal diffuse pollution migration on natural organic matter behavior in a stratified dam reservoir

This article aims to describe the influence of diffuse pollution on the temporal and spatial characteristics of natural organic matter (NOM) in a stratified dam reservoir, the Daecheong Dam, on the basis of intensive observation results and the dynamic water quality simulation using CE-QUAL-W2. Turbidity is regarded as a comprehensive representation of allochothonous organic matter from diffuse sources in storm season because the turbidity concentration showed reasonable significance in a statistical correlation with the UV absorbance at 254 nm and total phosphorus. CE-QUAL-W2 simulation results showed good consistency with the observed data in terms of dissolved organic matter (DOM) including refractory dissolved organic carbon (RDOC) and labile DOC and also well explained the internal movement of constituents and stratification phenomenon in the reservoir. Instead turbidity and NOM were related well in the upper region of the reservoir according to flow distance, gradually as changing to dissolved form of organic matter, RDOM affected organic matter concentration of reservoir water quality compared to turbidity. To control the increase of soluble organic matters in the dam reservoir, appropriate dam water discharge gate operation provided effective measurement. Because of the gate operation let avoid the accumulation of organic matter within a dam reservoir by shorten of turbid regime retention time.     

New approach to studies of heavy metal redistribution in soil

The bioavailability and mobility of heavy metals in soils is dependent upon redistribution processes between solution and solid phases and among solid-phase components. This paper reviews the definitions and applications of two newly developed parameters, the redistribution index and the reduced partitioning parameter, in quantifying redistribution processes of heavy metals in contaminated soils. The redistribution index depicts the removal/attainment of metal-contaminated soils from/to the fractional distribution pattern characteristic of non-amended soils, while the reduced partitioning parameter quantifies the relative binding intensity of heavy metals in soils. Over time, metal salt-spiked and sludge-amended soils approached the fractional distribution pattern of non-amended soils. The rates of redistribution of metals and their binding intensity in soils were affected by the metal species, loading levels and soil properties. Metals in contaminated soils at low loading levels approach the fractional distribution pattern of non-amended soil more rapidly than those at high loading levels. The sequence order of approach by metals to the fractional distribution pattern of non-amended soil was: Cd>Cu>Ni=Zn>Cr. In both non-amended and contaminated soils, Cr had the highest binding intensity, Cd the lowest, and Cu, Ni and Zn, intermediate values. In addition to our own data, primarily on metal salt-spiked soils, these two indices are also used to evaluate redistribution processes of heavy metals in sewage sludge-amended soils from other published reports.     

Nitrification in natural waters with high suspended-solid content--a study for the Yellow River

In this research, the mechanism regarding the effects of suspended solids on nitrification in freshwater systems with high solid contents was examined. Experimental studies were conducted for natural water of the Yellow River under laboratory conditions. Nitrification kinetics was investigated in water systems with various levels of suspended-solid contents. The associated mechanisms were analyzed through investigation of the adsorption-desorption of ammonium nitrogen, the process of bacteria growth, and the feature of nitrification kinetics. The results indicated that the presence of suspended solids could accelerate the nitrification process. The nitrification rate would increase non-linearly with the increase of suspended-solid content. When the initial concentration of ammonia nitrogen was 12.70 mg/l in the water system, the ratios of half-time duration for nitrification would be 1.88:1.23:1 under suspended-solid contents of 0, 1.84 and 5.00 g/l, respectively. When the initial concentration of ammonia nitrogen was around 1.0 mg/l in the water system, the nitrification rates in systems with suspended-solid contents of 1.81 and 3.42 g/l would then be approximately 9 and 12 times that without suspended solids, respectively. The populations of nitrifying bacteria would rise with increasing suspended-solid content. The existence of suspended solids would increase the contact chances between bacteria and nitrogen, resulting in accelerated nitrification processes; this was manifested by the increased K(4) (tau(max)/K(S)) along with the raised suspended-solid contents while fitting nitrification kinetics with the growth-based logistic model. Since the amount of ammonium nitrogen adsorbed on suspended-solid surface was non-linearly proportional to the suspended-solid content, the nitrification rate was also non-linearly proportional to the suspended-solid content.     

Adsorption and absorption of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and metabolites (DDD and DDE) by rice roots

A three-step sequential extraction procedure was applied to measure the concentrations of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) on rice root surface and in root tissues collected from two sites in Tianjin. Bulk and rhizosphere soils were also analyzed. The measured DDXs in the rhizosphere soils were significantly higher than those in the bulk soils. On average, p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, and p,p'-DDE in the soil accounted for 38%, 47% and 15% of the total. For total DDXs, approximately one third remained on the outer surface of the roots. The partition of DDXs between rhizosphere soil and root surface depend on contaminant affinity to soil organic matter, soil organic matter content and root specific area. A case specific equation was developed to quantitatively describe the partition of DDXs between soil and root surface.     

Microbial perchlorate reduction with elemental sulfur and other inorganic electron donors

ClO(4)(-) has recently been recognized as a widespread contaminant of surface and ground water. This research investigated chemolithotrophic perchlorate reduction by bacteria in soils and sludges utilizing inorganic electron-donating substrates such as hydrogen, elemental iron, and elemental sulfur. The bioassays were performed in anaerobic serum bottles with various inocula from anaerobic or aerobic environments. All the tested sludge inocula were capable of reducing perchlorate with H2 as electron donor. Aerobic activated sludge was evaluated further and it supported perchlorate reduction with Fe(0) and S(0) additions under anaerobic conditions. Heat-killed sludge did not convert ClO(4)(-), confirming the reactions were biologically catalyzed. ClO(4)(-) (3mM) was almost completely removed by the first sampling time on d 8 with H2 (> or = 0.37mMd(-1)), after 22d with S(0) (0.18mM d(-1)) and 84% removed after 37d with Fe(0) additions (0.085mMd(-1)). Perchlorate-reduction occurred at a much faster rate (1.12mMd(-1)), when using an enrichment culture developed from the activated sludge with S(0) as an electron donor. The enrichment culture also utilized S(2-) and S(2)O(3)(2-) as electron-donating substrates to support ClO(4)(-) reduction. The mixed cultures also catalyzed the disproportionation of S(0) to S(2-) and SO(4)(2-). Evidence is presented demonstrating that S(0) was directly utilized by microorganisms to support perchlorate-reduction. In all the experiments, ClO(4)(-) was stoichiometrically converted to chloride. The study demonstrates that microorganisms present in wastewater sludges can readily use a variety of inorganic compounds to support perchlorate reduction.