Rapid growth of environmental research in China

正Environmental research in China has grown tremendously over the last thirty years.This rapid and sustained growth has been supported by the remarkable increases in research funding,the number of graduate students,the degree-offering programs in environmental sciences and engineering,the state-of-the-art facilities,and international collaboration.In 1986 when the National Natural Science Foundation of     

Professor William R. Cullen and arsenic chemistry

正This special issue of the Journal of Environmental Sciences honors Professor William R.Cullen for his outstanding contributions to synthetic chemistry,environmental chemistry,microbiology,and toxicology of arsenic and its compounds.It is very fitting that the papers in this issue cover a diverse range of topics of arsenic     

水污染源在线设备比对监测问题与解决方案——以长沙市在线监测系统为例

总结了长沙市7年来水污染源在线监测系统开展比对监测工作的情况,对氨氮、p H、重金属比对监测存在的问题进行了剖析,分析了在线监测仪器比对不合格的原因以及目前在线监测仪器部分项目缺乏误差标准等亟待解决的问题,研究出各因子误差的合理区间,提出了切实可行的解决方案:氨氮应该按照检测浓度高低确定误差范围;p H质控样不应使用相对误差,建议采用±0.3 p H的绝对误差;重金属实际水样浓度小于一定量时,用接近水样浓度的低浓度质控样替代。     

Assessment of toxicity potential of metallic elements in discarded electronics: A case study of mobile phones in China

The electronic waste (e-waste) is increasingly flooding Asia,especially China.E-waste could precipitate a growing volume of toxic input to the local environment if it was not handed properly.This makes the evaluation of environmental impact from electronics an essentially important task for the life cycle assessment (LCA) and the end-of-life management of electronic products.This study presented a quantitative investigation on the environmental performance of typical electronics.Two types of disposed mobile...     

垃圾渗滤液对潮滩沉积物营养盐污染影响研究

以上海市老港垃扭填埋场附近潮滩为例,研究了垃圾渗滤液的排放对潮滩沉积物营养盐污染负荷的影响,结果表明：由于垃圾渗滤液的排放,潮滩表层沉积物中营养盐N、P的含量显著增加;在向海向上,随距排污口距离的增加表层沉积物中N、P的含量有所降低;受垃圾填埋时间长短的影响。南北线潮滩沉积物中N、P的含量有明显差异,北线沉积物中总无机氮和总无机磷的含量均明显高于南线。柱样沉积物中N、P的含量随深度也呈现一定的变化规律：氨氮含量随深度的增加而增加,总磷含量随深度的增加而减少。     

大学生环境法律知识与意识调查及分析——以广州大学为例

环境法不仅对防治环境污染、改善环境质量、促进可持续发展起着重要的作用,也可以保障、维护公民的环境权不受侵害,有其重要性和必要性。通过问卷调查的形式对广州大学学生的环境法律知识、意识等进行了现状调查,运用SPSS对数据进行统计处理。研究结果表明：广州大学学生的环境法律知识水平及环境法律意识都有待提高,其水平与意识高低,认为与学生的专业背景、知识储备、学习态度、相关知识学习难度以及学校环境教育中的环境法律的程度等原因有关。同时,在此基础上提出了相应对策,为大学环境法律教育提供参考。     

Effects of the interactions between selenium and phosphorus on the growth and selenium accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa)

The solution culture, paddy soil culture and the simulation experiments in the laboratory were conducted to clarify the interactions between selenium and phosphorus, and its effects on the growth and selenium accumulation in rice. Results revealed that a suitable supply of selenium could promote rice growth and excessive selenium could injure rice plant, causing lower biomass, especially in the roots. The supply of selenite could enhance the selenium contents of rice shoots and roots in solution culture and in soil culture. The selenium concentrations in roots were much higher than those in shoots supplied with the same rates of selenium and phosphorus. The interaction between selenium and phosphorus was evident. When the phosphorus supply increased to meet the needs of plant growth, phosphorus could promote absorption and accumulation of selenium in the shoots. If the phosphorus supply was excessive, phosphorus could inhibit the accumulation of selenium in the shoots at the lower selenite level (2 micromol l(-1)), but could not at the higher selenite level (10 micromol l(-1)). With the supply of phosphate increased, the selenium concentrations in the roots decreased significantly at both selenite levels. The presence of phosphate could decrease Se sorption on the soil surface and increase the selenium concentration in the soil solution. The concentrations of selenium in shoots and roots supplied with 0.08 g kg(-1) phosphorus were lower than those with no phosphorus supplied. With the increase of phosphorus added to 0.4 g kg(-1), the selenium concentration in shoots and roots increased. The effect of phosphorus on the concentration was statistically significant at all three selenium levels.     

自然保护区管理有效性评价指标分析

根据154个国家级自然保护区的问卷调查结果,运用主成分分析法对26项管理评价指标进行分析,确定了影响保护区管理有效性的6个主要指标类体系。其结果表明:对管理有效性产生较大影响的主成分包括:物资保障、监控管理、经济开发收益、管理权归属、行政执法和交流合作。6个主成分对于管理有效性的贡献率比较分散,累计贡献率为68.671%;其中物资保障主成分贡献率最大,达26.011%。     

Distribution of organo-chlorine pesticides (DDT and HCH) between plant and soil system

This paper reports a study of the distribution of organo-chlorine pesticides (DDT and HCH) between rice plants and the soil system by spraying before the heading stage at four different dosage levels--control, normal dosage (15 kg ha(-1) of 6% HCH and 7.5 kg ha(-1) of 25% DDT), double dosage and four times dosage. Soil and plant samples were taken respectively at the 1st h, 3rd, 10th, 20th, and 40th day after spraying and at the harvest time. The results indicate that less than 5% of HCH and 15% of DDT were absorbed by the surface of rice leaves for normal dosage. Most of both pesticides moved into the soil in solution after spraying. Compared with DDT, HCH was degraded and run off more easily. HCH residues in the surface soil layer (1-3 cm) were already below 6.4 microg kg(-1) at the mature stage, lower than Chinese Environmental Quality Standard for Agricultural Soils: HCH < 0.05 mg kg(-1). However DDT residues in the surface soil layer remained 172 microg kg(-1), higher than the national standard: DDT < 0.05 mg kg(-1). According to the test f OCP residues in rice seeds, it can be concluded that the OCP sprayed onto the surface of rice leaves can move into rice plants and accumulate in the seeds at the mature stage. HCH residues in rice seeds of the double and four times dosage treatments, and DDT residues in all treatments, exceeded the Chinese National Food Standard (HCH < 0.10 mg kg(-1), DDT < 0.20 mg kg(-1)).     

Maristentor dinoferus n. gen., n. sp., a giant heterotrich ciliate (Spirotrichea: Heterotrichida) with zooxanthellae, from coral reefs on Guam, Mariana Islands

Maristentor dinoferus n. gen, n. sp., was discovered on coral reefs on Guam in 1996 and has since been found frequently, at depths of 3-20 m. It forms black clusters, visible to the naked eye, especially on Padina spp. (Phaeophyta) and other light-colored backgrounds. When fully extended, this sessile ciliate is trumpet-shaped, up to 1 mm tall and 300 µm wide across the cap. The ciliate is host to 500-800 symbiotic algae. The anterior cap, or peristomial area, is divided into two conspicuous lobes by a deep ventral indentation. There is a single globular macronucleus, many micronuclei and, on average, 101 somatic ciliary rows and 397 adoral membranelles. M. dinoferus may be closely related to limnetic Stentor spp., but differs in two conspicuous features: (1) the cilia on the peristomial bottom are scattered (ordered rows in Stentor spp.) and (2) the paroral membrane is very short and opposite the buccal portion of the adoral zone of membranelles (in Stentor spp., it accompanies the entire membranellar zone). The cells appear dark due to stripes of cortical granules; the granules are more concentrated in a "black band" below the cap. The cortical pigment(s) is red fluorescent with a broad absorption peak in the blue (ca. 420-480 nm), and sharp peaks in the yellow-green (ca. 550 nm) and red (600 nm). Ultrastructural and molecular data demonstrate that the symbiont is a dinoflagellate of the genus Symbiodinium, the first unequivocal report of zooxanthellae in a ciliate. Phylogenetic analysis of a portion of the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (28S rDNA) showed that the symbionts belong to Symbiodinium sp. clade C, a lineage that also inhabits many corals on Guam. The ciliate changes shape at night, and the symbionts, which are spread out in the cap during the day, are mostly withdrawn into the stalk at night; these changes were apparently not simply a response to darkness.