Evaluation and application of blast furnace slag as a mud cake modifier

The aim of this research was to reuse blast furnace slag (BFS) as a mud cake modifier (MCM) to improve the annular isolation quality in oil and gas wells. For the optimum formula of drilling fluid, the effects of MCM on the drilling fluid rheology were investigated. The relationship between the MCM addition and shear strength at cement–formation interface (SSCFI) was evaluated. The experimental results showed that the optimized formula of the drilling fluid has 1.0 wt% MCM and 0.5 wt% XY-27. The simulation results showed that SSCFI increased significantly with the addition of MCM. Based on the mechanism analysis of BFS as an MCM to improve SSCFI, it is found that the transformation of mud cake to agglomerated cake can be the main reason. The application results showed that the success rate of five wells reached 100%, and the rate of quality in cement was 100%. Especially, the average high quality rate of five wells reached 83.7%. Compared with conventional methods, the average high quality rate is increased by 32.6% points. This research provides a new way for sustainable utilization of BFS.     

Toxicokinetics of tilapia following high exposure to waterborne and dietary copper and implications for coping mechanisms

One of the major challenges in assessing the potential metal stress to aquatic organisms is explicitly predicting the internal dose in target organs. We aimed to understand the main sources of copper (Cu) accumulation in target organs of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) and to investigate how the fish alter the process of Cu uptake, depuration, and accumulation (toxicokinetics (TK)) under prolonged conditions. We measured the temporal Cu profiles in selected organs after single and combined exposure to waterborne and dietary Cu for 14 days. Quantitative relations between different sources and levels of Cu, duration of treatment, and organ-specific Cu concentrations were established using TK modeling approaches. We show that water was the main source of Cu in the gills (>94 %), liver (>89 %), and alimentary canal (>86 %); the major source of Cu in the muscle (>51 %) was food. Cu uptake and depuration in tilapia organs were mediated under prolonged exposure conditions. In general, the uptake rate, depuration rate, and net bioaccumulation ability in all selected organs decreased with increasing waterborne Cu levels and duration of exposure. Muscle played a key role in accounting for the rapid Cu accumulation in the first period after exposure. Conversely, the liver acted as a terminal Cu storage site when exposure was extended. The TK processes of Cu in tilapia were highly changed under higher exposure conditions. The commonly used bioaccumulation model might lead to overestimations of the internal metal concentration with the basic assumption of constant TK processes.     

A comprehensive investigation and assessment of mercury in intertidal sediment in continental coast of Shanghai

The aims of this paper were to survey the total Hg levels and distribution character in intertidal sediment in continental coast of Shanghai, and identify the environment factors that might influence the sediment Hg concentrations, and to assess the pollution degree and potential ecological risk of Hg in sediment. Eighty-eight surface sediment samples and 18 sediment cores were collected for Hg contamination analysis. Physicochemical properties including Eh, particle size, content of total organic carbon (TOC), and acid volatile sulfide (AVS) were also measured. Index of geo-accumulation (I _geo) and potential ecological risk index were used respectively to assess the pollution levels and the ecological risk of sediment Hg. The average of total Hg concentrations in surface sediments was 107.4?±?90.9 ng/g with the range from 0 to 465.9 ng/g. Higher Hg concentrations were generally found in surface sediments near sewage outfalls and the mouth of rivers. Total Hg concentrations were significantly correlated with TOC (p?<?0.05) both in surface (r?=?0.24) and core (r?=?0.29) sediments, but not with the other environment factors (Eh, AVS, and particle size). Geo-accumulation index indicated that Hg contamination in intertidal sediments was generally at none to moderate degree, while potential ecological risk index demonstrated that the risk caused by Hg were at moderate to considerable level. Intertidal sediment in continental coast of Shanghai has generally been contaminated by Hg, and it might pose moderate to considerable risk to the local ecosystem. The Hg contamination is related more to the coastal pollution sources and complicated hydrodynamic and sedimentary conditions than the other environment factors studied.     

滤筒除尘器脉冲清灰动态分析

对常用规格φ325 mm×660 mm滤筒采用普通喷吹孔和诱导喷嘴进行脉冲清灰实验研究,测试滤筒侧壁压力峰值和压力上升速度,并使用高速动态分析仪拍摄清灰时粉尘从滤筒壁面脱落的动态过程。实验证明了滤筒脉冲清灰时,粉尘的脱落是从滤筒上部到下部依次进行,滤筒侧壁第一个压力峰值、最大压力峰值和压力上升速度对清灰效果均有影响,且脉冲气流形成的第一个侧壁压力峰值对滤筒的第一次冲击对清灰来说起着决定性的作用,回流气流形成的侧壁压力峰值作用较弱。而压力上升速度不能完全作为评价清灰效果好坏的指标。实验证明,采用诱导喷嘴可以改善滤筒内部流场,提高清灰效率。     

Perfluorooctane sulfonate-induced apoptosis of cerebellar granule cells is mediated by ERK 1/2 pathway

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), a ubiquitous environmental pollutant, is considered as a neurotoxicant to mammalian species. However, the underlying mechanism of its neurotoxicity is largely unknown. In the present study, we examined roles of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in PFOS-induced apoptosis of neuronal cells to elucidate the molecular mechanism. Cerebellar granule cells were isolated from 7-d old rats and maintained in culture for additional 7 d. Cells were exposed to PFOS and caspase-3 activity and nuclear morphology were evaluated by enzyme activity assay and Hoechst 33342 staining, respectively, to determine its effects on apoptosis. The treatment with PFOS resulted in caspase-3 activation and nuclear condensation and fragmentation. PFOS exposure selectively increased activation of ERK that remained above control over 6 h. The inhibitor of ERK pathway, PD98059, substantially blocked caspase-3 activation induced by PFOS, whereas inhibitors of JNK and p38 MAPK, SP600125 and SB203580, respectively, had no effect. PKC inhibitors, bisindolylmaleimide I and Gö6976, dampened caspase-3 activity and ERK activation induced by PFOS. Collectively, it is suggested that PKC and ERK play proapoptotic roles in PFOS-induced apoptosis of cerebellar granule cells and PKC act as an upstream regulator of ERK activation.     

森林自然保护区保护效果评价方法:挑战与进展

建立自然保护区是保护生物多样性的最有效的保护措施之一,但如何评估自然保护区保护效果一直是自然保护研究的难点。本文针对热带森林自然保护区保护效果评价方法进行综述,分析热带森林自然保护区保护效果评价面临的挑战:空间不可比、时间不可比;明确了热带森林自然保护区保护效果评价可比性建立的基本模式:确定森林退化指标,选择协变量,平衡协变量,选择对比方式,判断并去除空间溢出的影响范围;回顾了自然保护区保护效果评估常用统计方法:回归评估法和匹配评估法。为了加强热带森林自然保护区保护效果评估,在今后评估方法选择过程中建议:强化时空对比;强化多学科交叉方法的应用;强调多维度评估指标的选择和应用。     

Research on low carbon management using a scientific classification method

This research is aimed at the rapid development of a low-carbon economy, in which we propose the classification and application of relevant management measures to affect the development of environmental management ideas and measures of the low-carbon economy, which we called as low carbon management measures. According to scientific analysis of the lowcarbon economy, we can divide low-carbon management measures into three parts: measures for reduction of carbon sources, carbon flow planning, and increase of carbon sinks. Furthermore, we list the advantages that China can utilize to develop its own low-carbon management measures. In the end, necessary adjustments to environmental management measures in China can be made according to this scientific classification.     

New insights into the toxic interactions of polyvinyl chloride microplastics with bovine serum albumin

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The binding interaction between emerging pollutant polyvinyl chloride microplastics (PVC MPs) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was studied by...     

Composition and toxicity of particulate matter emitted from turbocharged common rail DME–biodiesel engine

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Both ultrafine particle and toxicity emissions originating from diesel engine gain an increasing concern. In this study, size distribution and...     

上海城市公园土壤及灰尘中重金属污染特征

对上海城市公园土壤和灰尘重金属含量水平进行了研究,并分析了土壤和灰尘中重金属的空间分布特征,结果表明,公园土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、Cd和Ni的平均含量分别为55.06、198.54、44.57、77.01、0.40和31.17 mg·kg^-1;公园灰尘中重金属含量普遍高于土壤,各元素的平均含量分别为416.63、906.29、235.89、162.59、1.58和92.19 mg·kg^-1;同上海市土壤环境背景值相比,公园土壤（Ni除外）和灰尘中重金属元素含量均不同程度超出背景值;内外环线之间公园土壤（Zn除外）和灰尘重金属的平均含量均大于内环线以内公园;在不同的功能区,公园土壤和灰尘重金属的空间分布则无明显的规律性.通过Pearson相关分析和主成分分析,认为人类活动造成了公园土壤和灰尘中重金属的积累,其中最主要的污染源为工业和交通污染.