印染废水混凝脱色技术的分子结构基础

印染废水的混凝脱色效果取决于染料分子的分子结构及其在水中的分子分散状态和染料的染色机制。大量研究结果表明，所选用的染料分子的分子结构决定了印染废水混凝脱色技术的混凝机制和混凝效果，合成絮凝剂与选择絮凝剂应充分考虑染料分子的分子结构与空间构型。     

Inclusion complexes of alpha- and gamma-cyclodextrins and the herbicide norflurazon: I. Preparation and characterisation. II. Enhanced solubilisation and removal from soils

The interaction of norflurazon with alpha- and gamma-cyclodextrins (CDs) yielded the formation of inclusion complexes at a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio in solution and in the solid state. Apparent stability constants of 50.7+/-1.6 and 37+/-1.7 M(-1) and an increase in herbicide solubility by up to five and fourfold for alpha- and gamma-CD, respectively, were determined from the phase solubility diagrams at 25 degrees C in water. Three processing methods (kneading, spray-drying and vacuum evaporation) were used to prepare norflurazon-CD solid inclusion complexes, which were characterised by infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. A high increase in the norflurazon dissolution rate was obtained with all the solid complexes with gamma-CD, but when alpha-CD was used, only the solid system obtained after the vacuum evaporation process showed a higher dissolution rate. This finding is a first step in the development of new, environmentally sound formulations of norflurazon (NFL), due to the capacity for increasing its dissolution rate and hydrosolubility, and thus diminishing the use of organic solvents. On the other hand, the effect of alpha- and gamma-cyclodextrin on the solubility of norflurazon in solution was also considered as a way of modifying its behaviour in the soil environment. Desorption studies of NFL from soils in the presence of alpha- and gamma-cyclodextrin were carried out using a batch equilibration method. The results obtained showed that alpha- and gamma-cyclodextrin greatly increased the removal of norflurazon previously adsorbed, proving the potential use of these CDs for in situ remediation of pesticide-contaminated soils.     

420kg／h医疗废弃物焚烧装置及其应用

叙述了420 kg／h医疗废弃物焚烧处理技术 设备的特点以及应用。     

The economic benefits of fulfilling the World Health Organization’s limits for particulates: A case study in Algeciras Bay (Spain)

Algeciras Bay is an important industrial and port zone in the south of Spain whose pollution by particulate matter surpasses the threshold levels recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) in its 2005 Guide on Air Quality. This study analyses the mortality avoided and the economic benefit which would be derived from a reduction of the pollution of PM2.5 and PM10 to the levels recommended by the WHO in Algeciras Bay in the period 2005-2015. The analysis carried out shows that the industrial zones, such as Los Barrios and San Roque, are those which have greater levels of pollution and in which the relative risk is greater. The calculations for Algeciras Bay between 2000 and 2015 show 182 deaths which would be avoided if the particulate matter pollution were reduced to the levels recommended by the WHO. Likewise, the economic valuation which this impact has on health is carried out through two concepts: the cost of illness and the Value of Statistical Life (VSL). The result shows that the economic benefit that would come out with the cost of illness valuation is 5,329,110€ and from the VSL is 414,787,113€.

Implications: PM_2.5 has a greater concentration in industrial localities and is linked to the industrial activity. When the particulate matter pollution is reduced to the levels recommended by the WHO in an industrialised area such as Algeciras (Spain), 182 deaths which would be avoided. The result shows that the economic benefit that would come out with the cost of illness valuation is 5,329,110€ and from the value of statistical life is 414,787,113€.     

Methods for the analysis of PCBs in human food, faeces and serum.

A method was developed to determine trace concentrations of a range of individual PCB congeners in biological samples (serum, food and faeces) using GC-MS, to prepare a mass balance of PCBs in humans. A simple method for the analysis of PCBs in human serum, which excluded an extraction step, was first employed. Results indicated that the recoveries of 13C12 PCB spikes were variable. A soxhlet extraction step was added and was found to be efficient and reproducible. A quality control routine and method validation results are presented. In batch tests of the methods presented it was found that the serum analysis method gave within batch mean 13C12 spike recoveries of 98-120% and standard deviations between 6 and 20%. The food/faeces analysis method gave within-batch mean 13C12 spike recoveries of 88-100%, and within batch standard deviations between 4 and 12%. The batch to batch mean recovery for serum analysis was 100%, with an RSD of 9% for high spikes and 10% for low spikes. For food/faeces analysis the batch to batch average recovery was 110%, with an RSD of 5% for high spikes and 9% for low spikes.     

Assessing the effect of climate oscillations and land-use changes on streamflow in the central Spanish Pyrenees

Plans to increase the amount of irrigated land in Mediterranean countries should consider how changes in climate and land-use affect water resources. In this study, both precipitation and temperature were used to analyze regional trends in discharge in the basins of the Central Spanish Pyrenees since the mid-20th century. Annual variations in the relationship between precipitation and discharge suggested that discharge was relatively lower in the second half of the study period, coinciding with major changes in land use. On a monthly scale, precipitation increased significantly in October, April, and July, and decreased in March, and temperature increased in January and February and decreased in April. Nevertheless, discharge has decreased significantly in most months in the past 50 years. Land-use and plant-cover changes are the only nonclimatic factor that can explain the loss of around 30% of the average annual discharge.     

不同土壤对垃圾沥滤液净化效能研究

通过土柱模拟实验比较了不同土壤对垃圾沥滤液中高浓度污染物NH4+-N和COD的去除效率。结果表明不同类型土壤对垃圾沥滤液的处理效果有明显差异。紫色土对沥滤液NH4+-N的去除效率可达到95%以上,COD去除率较低;腐殖土对COD去除率最高,出水NH+4-N含量随pH值的上升迅速下降;与腐殖土相比,黄壤对NH+4-N的去除效果较高,对COD的去除率较低。随进水次数增加,土柱对渗滤液中污染物的去除效率明显降低。     

微波活化制备麻疯树果壳活性炭研究

实验采用微波法制备麻疯树果壳活性炭,以磷酸为活化剂,在800W固定微波功率下,辐照时间和活化剂的浓度是主要影响因素。最佳条件为辐照时间8min,磷酸浓度40%。最佳条件下制得的果壳炭碘值达704.4mg/g。测得该果壳炭比表面积为651.6m2/g,总孔容达0.49mL/g,孔结构以1～10nm孔径为主,达到商业活性炭的标准。表面官能团以含O官能团和含C官能团为主,其中C-C类和C-O类官能团含量较高。     

Fenton氧化处理剩余污泥的作用机制

大量集中式城市生活污水处理厂的建设,减轻了水体污染;但是,产生的大量城市污泥的处理处置又成为污水处理面临的另一个瓶颈难题。各种物理、化学、生物等方法被应用于污泥处理,高级氧化技术-Fenton氧化在剩余污泥的处理中逐渐受到研究者的重视。文章重点介绍了Fenton氧化在剩余污泥处理中的作用机制,分析了Fenton氧化处理剩余污泥的主要影响因素;并根据Fenton氧化剩余污泥处理优势,对其今后的应用进行了展望。     

The cost of host egg damage caused by a brood parasite: experiments on great spotted cuckoos (Clamator glandarius) and magpies (Pica pica)

Adult great spotted cuckoos, Clamator glandarius, frequently damage one or more eggs of their magpie host, Pica pica, without removing or eating them. The presence of damaged host eggs could signal parasitism thereby increasing the probability that the parasitic egg is ejected. This hypothesis was tested by experimentally introducing a model cuckoo egg with or without damaged host eggs. Magpie responses to experimental parasitism did not differ significantly between treatments implying that damaged host eggs are not used by magpies to assess parasitism. We followed the fate of magpie eggs naturally damaged by the great spotted cuckoo or experimentally damaged by us. Host response was very similar for naturally or experimentally damaged host eggs, but varied significantly according to the type of egg damage, eggs being removed more frequently when pecked than crushed, while cracked eggs were never removed. However, the egg damage that most readily causes egg removal is albumen leakage. Received: 30 November 1998 / Received in revised form: 7 June 1999 / Accepted: 12 June 1999