亚甲基蓝在有机酸膨润土上的吸附行为

为了解决染料废水带来的污染问题,采用柠檬酸对天然膨润土(RB)直接改性,制备柠檬酸膨润土(CAB),并探讨了溶液p H值、表面活性剂对CAB去除亚甲基蓝(MB)的影响。研究结果表明,CAB在去除MB方面有很宽的p H适宜范围,溶液p H值对CAB去除MB的影响不大;MB溶液中加入十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)以后,CAB对MB的去除率基本保持不变,而十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)的加入则明显抑制CAB对MB的去除;MB在CAB上的吸附同时符合Langmuir和Redlich-Peterson模型,CAB对MB的Langmuir吸附容量为252 mg/g;CAB表面的羧基和羟基是吸附MB的主要吸附位点。研究表明,CAB是一种在染料的去除方面非常有应用前景的吸附剂。     

一株生物表面活性剂产生菌的筛选鉴定及其特性

利用蓝色凝胶平板筛选法,从华北某油田受污染的土壤中分离筛选得到1株优良的生物表面活性剂产生菌H1.通过生理生化特征及16S rRNA基因序列相似性分析,将其鉴定为肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae).薄层层析和红外光谱分析表明,该菌株所产生物表面活性剂为磷脂类生物表面活性剂.对其所产生物表面活性剂的稳定性进行研究,并考察影响该生物表面活性剂合成的因素.稳定性实验显示,该生物表面活性剂可耐受90℃的高温,对pH有较广泛的适应性(pH6.5～11.0),NaCl浓度对其生物活性影响不大.以蔗糖为碳源,硝酸铵为氮源,初始pH 6.5 ～7.0,30℃的培养条件有利于该生物表面活性剂的合成,生物表面活性剂的产量可达0.742 g/L.该研究成果可为原油的驱油降黏提供有效的菌源和理论依据.     

海岛旅游绿色发展生态补偿标准研究——以浙江舟山普陀旅游金三角为例

绿色发展是强调人与自然平等、人与自然和谐发展的新可持续发展观。海岛旅游绿色发展有利于保护旅游目的地的海洋生态系统与森林生态系统健康和减少旅游业对资源与环境的压力。运用海洋渔业生态标签制度(MFELS)、生态系统服务付费(PES)和市场替换法(MRM),对海岛旅游绿色发展生态补偿问题进行了研究,其中,旅游碳排放增量生态补偿(增汇或碳汇)主要依据是污染者付费原则、环境友好型海产品生态补偿主要依据是保护者得到补偿原则、生态系统服务付费主要依据是受益者付费原则;并以舟山普陀旅游金三角为案例地,以问卷调查和访谈调查获取的数据为基础,以2013年为评价基准年份,对海岛旅游绿色发展的生态补偿标准进行了评估。结果表明:海岛旅游绿色发展可获得6.53×108元的生态补偿资金,游客平均承担110.43元/人次的生态补偿标准。     

Financing Marine Protected Areas Through Visitor Fees: Insights from Tourists Willingness to Pay in Chile

Tourism is a financing mechanism considered by many donor-funded marine conservation initiatives. Here we assess the potential role of visitor entry fees, in generating the necessary revenue to manage a marine protected area (MPA), established through a Global Environmental Facility Grant, in a temperate region of Chile. We assess tourists’ willingness to pay (WTP) for an entry fee associated to management and protection of the MPA. Results show 97 % of respondents were willing to pay an entrance fee. WTP predictors included the type of tourist, tourists’ sensitivity to crowding, education, and understanding of ecological benefits of the MPA. Nature-based tourists state median WTP values of US$ 4.38 and Sun-sea-sand tourists US$ 3.77. Overall, entry fees could account for 10–13 % of MPA running costs. In Chile, where funding for conservation runs among the weakest in the world, visitor entry fees are no panacea in the short term and other mechanisms, including direct state/government support, should be considered.     

Degradation of caffeine by conductive diamond electrochemical oxidation

The use of Conductive-Diamond Electrochemical Oxidation (CDEO) and Sonoelectrochemical Oxidation (CDSEO) has been evaluated for the removal of caffeine of wastewater. Effects of initial concentration, current density and supporting electrolyte on the process efficiency are assessed. Results show that caffeine is very efficiently removed with CDEO and that depletion of caffeine has two stages depending on its concentration. At low concentrations, opposite to what it is expected in a mass-transfer controlled process, the efficiency increases with current density very significantly, suggesting a very important role of mediated oxidation processes on the removal of caffeine. In addition, the removal of caffeine is faster than TOC, indicating the formation of reaction intermediates. The number and relative abundance of them depend on the operating conditions and supporting electrolyte used. In chloride media, removal of caffeine is faster and more efficiently, although the occurrence of more intermediates takes place. CDSEO does not increase the efficiency of caffeine removal, but it affects to the formation of intermediates. A detailed characterization of intermediates by liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry seems to indicate that the degradation of caffeine by CDEO follows an oxidation pathway similar to mechanism proposed by other advanced oxidation processes.     

The selective role of nitrite in the PAO/GAO competition

Proliferation of Glycogen Accumulating Organisms (GAOs) accounts as one of the major bottlenecks in biological phosphorus removal systems. GAO outcompeting polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) results in lower P-removal. Thus, finding optimal conditions that favour PAO in front of GAO is a current focus of research. This work shows how nitrite can provide a novel strategy for PAO enrichment. A propionate-fed GAO-enriched biomass (70% Defluviicoccus I, 18% Defluviicoccus II and 10% PAO) was subjected more than 50 d under anaerobic-anoxic conditions with nitrite as electron acceptor. These operational conditions led to a PAO-enriched sludge (85%) where GAO were washed out of the system (<10%), demonstrating the validity of the new approach for PAO enrichment. In addition, the presented suppression of Defluviicocus GAO with nitrite represents an add-on benefit to the nitrite-based systems since the proliferation of non-desirable GAO can be easily ruled out and added to the other benefits (i.e. lower aeration and COD requirements).     

Solid state fermentation of olive mill residues by wood- and dung-dwelling Agaricomycetes: Effects on peroxidase production,biomass development and phenol phytotoxicity

The in vivo conversion of dry olive mill residue (DOR) by wood- and dung-dwelling fungi − Auricularia auricula-judae, Bjerkandera adusta and Coprinellus radians − increases peroxidase secretion up to 3.2–3.5-fold (∼1.3, 3.5 and 7.0 U g⁻¹ DOR for dye-decolorizing peroxidase, manganese peroxidase and aromatic peroxygenases, respectively). The incubation of DOR with these fungi produced a sharp decrease in total phenolic content (100% within 4 wk), a reduction in phytotoxicity as well as a certain degree of plant growth caused by the stimulating effect of fungal-treated DOR. These findings correlate with a characteristic shift in the fragmentation pattern of water-soluble aromatics (detected at 280 nm) from low (0.2, 1.5 and 2.2 kDa, respectively) to high molecular mass (35 to >200 kDa), which demonstrates the presence of a polymerization process. Phenol-rich agricultural residues are a useful tool for enzyme expression and production studies of peroxidase-producing Agaricomycetes which could make DOR a valuable organic fertilizer.     

加强环境监测点位管理的思考——以江苏省“十二五”环境监测网络调整为例

基于江苏省"十二五"环境质量监测网络优化调整工作,指出监测点位设置和管理工作中存在的问题,讨论了点位优化调整的原则和思路,总结监测网络调整结果,并开展点位优化调整的成效分析,提出进一步优化监测网络设置的建议。     

南京大气细颗粒物中水溶性组分的污染特征

为了解南京城区大气细颗粒物中水溶性组分的污染特征,在国控点草场门进行了连续一年的PM_2.5采样与分析。6种离子日均浓度为5.29~67.6 μg/m³,其中SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺、NO₃^-是PM_2.5的主要组成成分,6 种离子约占PM_2.5总质量的31%,SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺相关性较好,NH₄⁺是PM_2.5中硫酸盐和硝酸盐中居于主导地位的离子。     

太湖湖风指数阈值的计算

根据2012年8月17—23日的太湖湖风加密观测实验结果,将湖岸3个常规气象站和湖面2个浮标站观测的风速和气温资料代入经典的湖风指数公式,通过Fisher二级判别法和历史拟合率最大法确定了太湖湖风指数的阈值为3.0。该结论为研究太湖湖风的发生频率及其对蓝藻水华全湖输移的影响提供了理论依据。