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971.
张娟 《中国人口.资源与环境》2012,(11):19-25
化石燃料的过度使用引起的气候变化问题成为全球面临的共同挑战,也逐渐成为经济学界的研究热点。本文围绕气候变化问题对国外经济学界的相关最新研究进行了梳理与回顾,并对不同研究争议的焦点以及后续研究方向进行了阐述。不同学者基于不同的假设条件和模型设定,得出了不同的气候政策主张;其中主要包括以Stern为代表的"激进派",以Nordhaus、Weitzman为代表的"保守派"及以Acemoglu为代表的"综合派"。当前对于气候变化的政策主张仍存在较大分歧,其核心原因主要在于对时间偏好、效用函数的设定、对气候变暖未来损害的不确定性的处理以及对导向性技术变迁的考量等方面。目前关于气候变化的经济学分析仍存在较多待解决的问题,如对时间偏好进行经验验证,更好地刻画气候变化的不确定性,引入内生的导向性技术变迁来建立更合理的多国模型以分析各国气候政策的协调等。 相似文献
972.
Cecilia Izcapa-Treviño Octavio Loera Araceli Tomasini-Campocosio Fernando Esparza-García Juan A. Salazar-Montoya María D. Díaz-Cervantes 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(8):798-804
The purpose of this work was to demonstrate that a Fenton (H2O2/Fe) reaction was involved in DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane)] degradation in a culture of Penicillium sp. spiked with FeSO4. A commercial DDT mixture (10% DDE [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene], 30% o,p-DDT and 60% of p,p′ -DDT) of 10 mg L? 1 was used. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), tartaric acid and oxalic acid were identified at 18 h in culture media, with and without added DDT; this correlated positively with lowering of pH from 5.8 to 2.7. Lower concentrations of oxalic acid and H2O2 (7.9 and 52.6 mg L? 1, respectively) occurred in media with DDT at 30 h, in comparison to that one without DDT mixture (27.9 and 65.3 mg L? 1, respectively), at this time there was maximum degradation (87.7, 91.7 and 94.2%) for DDE, o,p-DDT and p,p′-DDT, respectively. We propose that the degradation of the DDT mixture by Penicillium sp. was through a Fenton reaction (H2O2/Fe) under acidic conditions produced in situ during the fungal culture amended with FeSO4. 相似文献
973.
以MEA为主体,DETA为添加剂,考察1h内,在温度298~338K,压力300~700kPa,混合胺溶液初始浓度(质量分数)4%~20%范围内,MEA+DETA不同配比的混合吸收剂吸收CO2的特性。获得MEA+DETA混合胺吸收CO2的最佳吸收条件为:308K、500kPa、总胺质量浓度为20%,MEA与DETA的配比为8:2。 相似文献
974.
José L. Jimenez Michael D. Koplow Mark S. Zahniser Stephan E. Schmidt 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(4):463-470
ABSTRACT A tunable infrared laser differential absorption spectrometer (TILDAS) was used to remotely sense the nitric oxide (NO) emissions from 1,473 on-road vehicles. The real-world measurement precision of this instrument in the limit of low NO concentration is 5 ppm of the vehicle exhaust, which corresponds to a 3o detection limit of 15 ppm. Our analysis of the distribution of negative concentration measurements produced during this experiment supports this claim, showing that the instrumental noise for this set of measurements was at most 8 ppm in the limit of low NO concentration. The high sensitivity of this instrument allowed us to measure the NO emissions of even the cleanest vehicles. The measured vehicle fleet NO emissions closely fit a gamma distribution with 10% of the fleet contributing about 50% of the total fleet emissions. Newer vehicles had lower NO emissions than older ones, but high NO emitters were found in every vehicle age cohort. On a vehicle-by-vehicle basis, NO emissions correlated very weakly with vehicle velocity, acceleration, power per unit mass, carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions. High NO emitting vehicles could not be identified by remote sensing of CO or HC emissions and vice versa. When we compared the NO emissions for 117 vehicles measured more than one time, about half of the high NO emitters were found to be very consistent, while the other half varied significantly. 相似文献
975.
Violeta Mugica Elizabeth Vega José Luis Arriaga Ma. Esther Ruiz 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(11):1060-1068
ABSTRACT Non-methane organic compound (NMOC) profiles for on-road motor vehicle emissions were measured in a downtown tunnel and parking garages in Mexico City during 1996. Hydrocarbon samples from the tunnel and ambient air samples (C2-C12) were collected using stainless steel canisters, and carbonyl compounds were collected using 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) impregnated cartridges. Canister samples were analyzed by gas chromatog-raphy/flame ionization detection (GC/FID) to ascertain detailed hydrocarbon composition. DNPH samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). NMOC source profiles were quantified for evaporative emissions from refueling, cold start, and hot soak, and on-road operating conditions. The ultimate purpose will be to determine the apportionment of ambient NMOC concentrations using the Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) model. The tunnel profile contained 42.3 ppbC% of alkanes, 20.6 ppbC% of unsaturated compounds, and 22.4 ppbC% of aromatics. The most abundant species were acetylene with 7.22 ppbC%, followed by ipentane with 5.69 ppbC%, and toluene with 5.42 ppbC%. These results were compared with those from studies in the United States. The cold start profile was found to be similar to the tunnel profile, although there were differences in the content of acetylene, isopentane, and oxygenates. The abundance of saturated NMOC in the hot soak profile was similar to gasoline head space profiles; it was also much larger than saturated NMOC in the roadway profile. 相似文献
976.
Fernando J. Beltrán Juan F. García‐Araya Javier Rivas Pedro M. Álvarez Eva Rodriguez 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(4):439-454
Abstract Comparison of the effects and kinetics of UV photolysis and four advanced oxidation systems (ozone, ozone/hydrogen peroxide, ozone/UV radiation and UV radiation/hydrogen peroxide) for the removal of simazine from water has been investigated. At the conditions applied, the order of reactivity was ozone < ozone/hydrogen peroxide < UV radiation < ozone/UV radiation and UV radiation/hydrogen peroxide. Rate constants of the reactions between ozone and simazine and hydroxyl radical and simazine were found to be 8.7 M‐1s‐1 and 2.1x109 M‐1s‐1, respectively. Also, a quantum yield of 0.06 mol.photon‐1 was found for simazine at 254 nm UV radiation. The high value of the quantum yield corroborated the importance of the direct photolysis process. Percentage contributions of direct reaction with ozone, reaction with hydroxyl radicals and direct photolysis were also quantified. 相似文献
977.
Pierluigi Pierantozzi Mariela Torres Romina Verdenelli María Basanta Damián M. Maestri José M. Meriles 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(5):393-401
The purpose of this work was to investigate the effects of spreading olive oil mill wastewater (OMWW) on soil biochemical parameters and olive production in an organically managed olive orchard. The experiment was carried out with three different doses of OMWW (80, 160 and 500 m3 ha?1) and a control (untreated soil). Three samplings were done at 10, 30 and 90 days after the administration of the byproduct. OMWW application differentially modified the biochemical properties of the soil analyzed. Organic matter, organic carbon, total nitrogen and extractable phosphorus soil contents increased proportionally with each increasing dose. The values of these parameters decreased gradually with time. Total microbial activity was altered and the OMWW 500 m3 ha?1 treatment proved to be the most active when compared with the other applied doses. OMWW agricultural application also modified the structure of soil microbial communities, particularly affecting Gram positive and negative bacteria, while fungal biomass did not show consistent changes. Although there was a salinity increase in the treated soil, especially at the highest dose, the productive parameters analyzed (fruit and oil tree?1) were not affected. In light of the obtained results, we consider that low dose of OMWW could be considered an alternative farming practice for semiarid regions. 相似文献
978.
Alberto Notario Iván Bravo José Antonio Adame Yolanda Díaz-de-Mera Alfonso Aranda Ana Rodríguez Diana Rodríguez 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(1):188-200
The purpose of this work is to contribute to the understanding of the photochemical air pollution in central-southern of the Iberian Peninsula, analysing the behaviour and variability of oxidant levels (OX?=?O3?+?NO2), measured in a polluted area with the highest concentration of heavy industry in central Spain. A detailed air pollution database was observed from two monitoring stations. The data period used was 2008 and 2009, around 210,000 data, selected for its pollution and meteorological statistics, which are very representative of the region. Data were collected every 15 min, however hourly values were used to analyse the seasonal and daily ozone, NO, NO2 and OX cycles. The variation of OX concentrations with NO x is investigated, for the first time, in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula. The concentration of OX was calculated using the sum of a NO x -independent ‘regional’ contribution (i.e. the O3 background), and a linearly NO x -dependent ‘local’ contribution. Monthly dependence of regional and local OX concentration was observed to determine when the maximum values may be expected. The variation of OX concentrations with levels of NO x was also measured, in order to pinpoint the atmospheric sources of OX in the polluted areas. The ratios [NO2]/[OX] and [NO2]/[NO x ] vs. [NO x ] were analysed to find the fraction of OX in the form of NO2, and the possible source of the local NO x -dependent contribution, respectively. The progressive increase of the ratio [NO2]/[OX] with [NO x ] observed shows a greater proportion of OX in the form of NO2 as the level of NO x increases. The higher measured values in the ratio [NO2]/[NO x ] should not be attributed to NO x emissions by vehicles; they could be explained by industrial emission, termolecular reactions or formaldehyde and HONO directly emitted by vehicles exhausts. We also estimate the rate of NO2 photolysis, J NO2?=?0.18–0.64 min?1, a key atmospheric reaction that influence O3 production and then the regional air quality. The first surface plot study of annual variation of the daily mean oxidant levels, obtained for this polluted area may be used to improve the atmospheric photochemical dynamic in this region of the Iberian Peninsula where there are undeniable air quality problems. 相似文献
979.
Juan Yang Jun Dai Jiantong Li 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(4):2435-2447
Coupled Bi2O3/TiO2 photocatalysts were fabricated by sol–gel and hydrothermal methods and characterized using various spectroscopy techniques. Photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) in aqueous solution, together with the synergistic effect of photodegradation of bisphenol A (BPA), was investigated using these coupled Bi2O3/TiO2 under visible-light irradiation. Coupling of Bi2O3 inhibited the phase transformation from anatase to rutile and extended absorption region to visible light. Bi ions did not enter TiO2 lattice and were more likely to bond with oxygen atoms to form Bi2O3 on the surface of TiO2. Photovoltage signals in visible range revealed the effective interfacial charge transfer between Bi2O3 and TiO2. Two percent Bi2O3/TiO2 exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity of visible-light-induced reduction of Cr(VI). The addition of BPA effectively increased the photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI). Simultaneously, the presence of Cr(VI) promoted the degradation of BPA, which was demonstrated by the investigation of TOC removal yield and generated intermediates. A possible mechanism of photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) and degradation of BPA in Bi2O3/TiO2 system was proposed. The synergistic effect, observed between reduction of Cr(VI) and degradation of BPA, provides beneficial method for environmental remediation and purification of the complex wastewater. 相似文献
980.