患红体病的凡纳滨对虾外壳膜NAGase基本性质的改变

分别以健康和患红体病的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vanname)外壳膜为材料,抽提其N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(EC 3.2.1.52,简称NAGase),测定分析两种来源对虾的外壳膜NAGase的活力和性质的差异.测得健康对虾NAGase的活力为 34.80 U mg-1,而患红体病对虾的活力为 38.32 U mg-1.结果表明:两种来源对虾的NAGase活力、基本酶学性质等均存在差异.表明对虾患红体病后,外壳膜NAGase的活力、催化反应动力学常数Km和Vm值、活化能均较高,但其最适温度较低, pH稳定性及热稳定性较差.     

云南稻种磷高效特性相关性状的生态差异

云南不仅是世界稻种(Oryza sativa L.)最大的遗传和生态多样性中心之一,也是中国土壤类型最丰富的地区;中国南方和云南耕地65%以上缺乏有效磷,土壤缺磷已成为稻作生产的主要限制因子.该文中,缺磷(速效磷6.26 mg·kg-1)与适磷(速效磷40 mg·kg-1)酸性红壤进行比较,以相对茎蘖数(RTA)、相对总质量(RTB)、相对地上质量(RDWU)和相对地下质量(RDWG)为参数,研究了来自云南省16个州市5个稻作区577份水稻核心种质的磷高效基因型及其生态差异,结果表明:低磷胁迫下云南稻核心种质的相对茎蘖数、相对总质量、相对地上质量和相对地下质量密切相关,这4个性状是水稻磷高效鉴定较可靠和方便的指标,并筛选出10个磷高效品种;磷高效基因型在籼粳间存在较大差异,但丁颖分类性状中的水陆、粘糯间差异较小;水稻磷高效品种广泛分布于5个稻作区和绝大多数州市,特别是磷高效极强品种主要来自云南稻种的遗传多样性中心(思茅、临沧、西双版纳、德宏和文山州)和基因多样性中心(南部边缘水陆兼作区).这些结果有力地支持了水稻磷高效特性与酸性红壤和遗传多样性中心有关,更好地理解水稻磷高效特性的地理生态和遗传多样性机制.     

云南稻核心种质苗期与孕穗期耐冷性特点及关系分析

以544份云南地方稻核心种质为材料,在昆明自然低温(苗期平均5.5～12.3℃,孕穗期平均17.8℃)冷害下,按籼粳、稻作区进行云南稻核心种质苗期耐冷性与孕穗期耐冷性的特点及关系研究.结果表明:(1)苗期耐冷性与孕穗期耐冷性密切相关,苗期耐冷性强的材料表现为孕穗期株高、剑叶长和宽、穗颈长、穗下节长、1～2节长、穗长较长、穗粒数较多,耐冷性较强.通过对苗期耐冷性的严格选择,可以间接获得孕穗期耐冷性较强的材料.(2)苗期和孕穗期耐冷性在籼粳间、稻作区间差异明显.籼粳间均表现为粳稻强于籼稻;稻作区间苗期耐冷性为滇中一季籼粳稻区和滇南单双季籼稻区最强,滇中一季籼粳稻区和滇西北高寒粳稻区孕穗期耐冷性较强,揭示了水稻苗期与穗期耐冷性的形成演化机制存在一致性和差异性.     

菜园土壤磷素解吸模型与淋溶流失预测

为减少菜园土壤P面源污染,通过土壤解吸试验和种植叶菜的盆栽渗漏水收集试验,得到土壤P解吸模型,并建立解吸特征值与土壤渗漏水P浓度的关系.6种供试土壤的解吸试验表明,土壤镉解吸模型需经过修正才能较好地拟合土壤P解吸曲线,并求得土壤P可解吸量Q、土壤溶液初始P浓度和缓冲系数等解吸特征值.提出"双速率转折点"概念预测土壤P流失潜能,当耕层土壤P解吸特征值超过"双速率转折点"时,土壤渗漏水P浓度将以非线性形式显著增加.若以城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准的二级标准(3mg/L)作为土壤渗漏水P的限值,则Q(水土比为20:1时的水溶性P)应<10.5mg/kg,并进一步得出各土壤的"环保施肥量".     

密切值法和污染损失率法在水环境质量评价中的应用与比较

简要论述了近几年应用较多的密切值评价法和污染损失率法的应用原理与评价过程,并以兰州黄河水质断面监测结果为实例计算,排序评价结果显示与指数评价结果具有良好的一致性,最后分析指出两种评价方法的计算特点及应用价值。     

Contribution of fishery discards to the diet of the Black-browed albatross (Thalassarche melanophris) during the non-breeding season: an assessment through stable isotope analysis

Black-browed albatrosses (Thalassarche melanophris) disperse over the Argentinean Continental Shelf and neighboring waters during their non-breeding season. It is one of the most frequent seabirds attending fishing vessels and also the most common Procellariform in the bycatch of longliners and trawlers in the area. Understanding the use of fishery discards by this species is an important issue when assessing the potential effect of strategic discard management in decreasing the abundance, interactions, and mitigating mortality. In the present study, we analyzed carbon and nitrogen stable isotope compositions in the blood of Black-browed albatrosses to assess the relative contribution of discards from different fisheries to the diet of this species in winter. Samples were obtained in winter 2011 from fishing vessels operating between 41–43°S and 57–59°W. No sex differences in δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N were observed. Results indicate that during their non-breeding season, isotopic signatures of Black-browed albatrosses are closer to discards and offal generated by fisheries and in particular by trawlers. The large fishing effort of trawl fisheries in Argentina highlights the urgency of an exhaustive analysis to find practical and effective ways to reduce the number of seabirds attending trawlers.