Predicting the relative oral bioavailability of naturally occurring As,Cd and Pb from in vitro bioaccessibility measurement: implications for human soil ingestion exposure assessment

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Chestnut soils developed over mineralized areas of southwestern Spain are characterized by high baseline concentrations of geogenic trace elements, notably...     

磁性铁基改性生物炭去除水中氨氮

氨氮的过度排放是水体富营养化的一个重要原因.然而,随着环境法规的日益严格,传统方法处理效果难以达到要求.吸附法因高效、安全等优点近年来开始应用于去除水中的氨氮.本研究中以共沉淀法将磁性铁基材料负载到市政污泥生物炭上,结果表明其对水中氨氮有良好的去除效果.80℃下合成的材料（MB₈₀）在293 K下对氨氮的饱和吸附量可达17.52 mg·g^-1.动力学与热力学结果表明,MB₈₀吸附氨氮的过程更符合伪二级动力学和Langmuir等温线.MB₈₀对氨氮的吸附机制可归纳为静电吸引、孔隙填充、离子交换和氢键结合.且5次循环后对氨氮的吸附量仍十分理想,可达3.18 mg·g^-1.本研究的结果可以为高效去除水中氨氮提供一种行之有效的方法,并为市政污泥的处理提供新的出路.     

基于LUCC的艾比湖区域生态风险评价及预测研究

以新疆内陆艾比湖流域典型区域为研究区,基于RS和GIS技术分析1998、2013年土地利用变化,尝试用CA-Markov模型预测2028年土地利用/覆盖变化.借助Fragstats3.4软件,基于土地利用/覆盖变化构建景观生态风险评价模型,分析1998~2028年景观生态风险的时空分异特征.结果表明：（1）1998~2013年,研究区土地类型面积变化明显.耕地面积增加量最大,增加的面积为152139hm²,而未利用地面积减少量最大,减少的面积为67605hm².2013~2028年,耕地和裸露的河床及盐渍地的面积增加明显,增加的面积分别为30730hm²,12427hm²,而未利用地和水体的面积分别从954376hm²和44889hm²,减至921079hm²和37157hm².（2）1998~2028年,研究区生态风险等级空间分布差异明显.高生态风险区面积变化较为显著,其面积分别约占总面积的36.6%,7.3%,23.7%.1998~2028年,全局Moran's Ⅰ值分别为0.436962,0.442202,0.506622,表现为一定程度的正相关.（3）1998~2028年,耕地分布在低,较低生态风险的比重上升,所占百分比分别为58.46%,78.58%,79.9%.林、草地类型的各生态风险等级的所占的比重的波动较大.     

Application of lead isotopic methods to the study of the anthropogenic lead provenance in Spanish overbank floodplain deposits

Changes in the principal sources of Pb in overbank sediment profiles have been documented for two Spanish areas by using Pb isotopes and Pb concentrations. These locations (Madrid and Tinto–Odiel basin) represent two of the most contaminated regions in Spain. The Community of Madrid is characterized by heavy industrial and urban activity, focused mainly in Madrid City. The Tinto–Odiel basin drains the Iberian Pyrite Belt, which hosts many polymetallic massive sulphides and is heavily affected by mining activities in their headwaters. It has been proven that the influence of anthropogenic activity is reflected in these overbank deposits by variations in Pb concentrations that, in general, correlate with shifts in the ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratio. Rivas profile (downstream of Madrid) was found to be the most anthropogenically influenced site. The sediments within this profile which were recently deposited (170 ± 40 years BP) have the least radiogenic signatures. ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratios ranged between 1.1763 and 1.1876 indicating significant contributions of anthropogenic Pb. In contrast, profiles upstream of Madrid possess an average ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratio of 1.2272. It is difficult to clearly identify the most prominent source as the sediments appear to be characterized by an input from several sources. The floodplain profiles in the Tinto–Odiel basin exhibit uniform ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratios ranging from 1.1627 (Odiel river) to 1.1665 (Tinto river). These ratios are similar to the ones possessed by sulphide ores in the area and differ from the ratios of other nonmineralized formations in the basin, indicating that mining activities are the primary, if not sole, source of Pb to the sediments.     

不同价态Mn离子对刺参幼参急性毒性效应及富集作用

静水条件下,研究了Mn2+与Mn7+对刺参幼参行为和存活的影响,并分析了其在幼参体内的富集状况。结果表明,幼参在0.8 ~ 16 mg/L浓度范围内的Mn2+暴露96 h后死亡率均为0.0%,Mn2+在此浓度范围内无明显的急性毒性作用;但暴露于0.1 ~ 6.5 mg/L Mn7+中时,幼参的死亡率随浓度和暴露时间增加而升高。暴露48 h时,幼参的死亡率与Mn7+的浓度呈极显著正相关(P 0.01),Mn7+浓度高于0.5 mg/L时即对幼参表现出明显的急性毒性作用,其安全浓度(SC)为0.31 mg/L,Mn7+对幼参的急性毒性作用强于Mn2+。随着水体中Mn2+与Mn7+浓度的增加,幼参体内Mn元素含量和累积速率均逐渐升高,但富集系数变化存在较大差异。Mn7+在幼参体内的富集作用强于Mn2+。     

古夫河着生藻类优势种体积与水质因子的相关性研究

通过研究长江三峡库区古夫河着生藻类优势种体积的变化,探索影响其体积的主要水质因子,为河流水质评价提供依据.于2010年12月至2012年2月,对古夫河着生藻类和地表水采样11次,共鉴定着生藻类197种,检测水质指标10项.选取Mcnaughton优势度指数(Y)>0.02的着生藻类(共30种)作为优势种并计算体积;利用主成分分析(PCA)分析优势种藻类在不同月份的体积变化.结果显示,硅藻门对冷暖季的变化较为敏感.将水质因子与优势种藻类体积进行典范对应分析(CCA),结果显示水质因子与藻类体积相关性大小为:溶解氧>氨氮>叶绿素a>酸碱度>硝态氮>总磷>水温>总氮>总有机碳>化学需氧量.Monte Carlo显著性检验结果为溶解氧和氨氮对着生藻类体积的影响最大,其次为叶绿素a、酸碱度和硝态氮.硅藻门藻类体积的变化可以判断古夫河水体中溶解氧、氨氮、叶绿素a、酸碱度、硝态氮的含量与变化.     

桂林中小河流洪涝气象风险预警系统设计

基于自动站、数值预报和雷达估测降水等多种雨量资料,利用ArcGIS技术提取河流的经纬度、流域范围,利用泰森多边形技术计算流域面雨量,结合对桂林中小河流域的历史暴雨洪涝风险个例分析结果,确定临界面雨量,建立桂林中小河流域洪涝灾害风险等级预警系统。利用数学内插技术进行雨量精细化插值,实现全市100多个水库、200多条河流关键点的雨量监测、预报、预警。利用Web和GIS技术实现桂林中小河流洪涝预警网页发布。     

低温域湿地植物根际硝化强度及氨氧化微生物研究

以低温域(0~15 ℃)下黄菖蒲(Iris pseudacorus)、菖蒲(Acorus calamus)和香蒲(Typha orientalis)3种湿地植物为研究对象,分别取其根际土壤测定硝化强度,并采用FISH(荧光原位杂交)技术,考察植物根际AOB(氨氧化细菌)、AOA(氨氧化古菌)的数量变化规律. 结果表明:低温条件下,香蒲根际土壤的硝化强度最高,平均值为1.40 mg/(kg·h),黄菖蒲和菖蒲的平均值均为0.96 mg/(kg·h). 湿地植物根际土壤中的细菌数量(数量级为1010)远高于古菌(数量级为108),其中AOB为优势菌种,3种湿地植物的AOA数量分别约占总古菌数量的46.0%、47.9%和49.7%. 3种湿地植物根际AOB的数量(以湿土计,下同)排序为香蒲(2.57×109 g-1)>黄菖蒲(1.23×109 g-1)≈菖蒲(1.14×109 g-1),AOA的数量(以湿土计)排序为黄菖蒲(2.78×108 g-1)>香蒲(2.57×108 g-1)>菖蒲(1.15×108 g-1). 微生物分布特性和硝化作用效果均表明,不同植物根际氨氧化过程的主要作用微生物具有一定差异,AOA和AOB对于湿地土壤氮转化均具有不可忽视的作用,并与植物本体、土壤硝化过程微环境之间有一定的耦合关系.      

Shiny cowbirds share foster mothers but not true mothers in multiply parasitized mockingbird nests

Obligate brood parasitic birds, such as cowbirds, evade parental care duties by laying their eggs in the nests of other species. Cowbirds are assumed to avoid laying repeatedly in the same nest so as to prevent intrabrood competition between their offspring. However, because searching for host nests requires time and energy, laying more than one egg per nest might be favoured where hosts are large and can readily rear multiple parasites per brood. Such ‘repeat parasitism’ by females would have important consequences for parasite evolution because young parasites would then incur indirect fitness costs from behaving selfishly. We investigated shiny cowbird (Molothrus bonariensis) parasitism of a large host, the chalk-browed mockingbird (Mimus saturninus), in a population where over 70 % of the parasitized mockingbird nests receive multiple cowbird eggs. We assessed egg maternity directly, using cameras at nests to film the laying of individually-marked females. We also supplemented video data with evidence from egg morphology, after confirming that each female lays eggs of a consistent appearance. From 133 eggs laid, we found that less than 5 % were followed by the same female visiting the nest to lay again or to puncture eggs. Multiple eggs in mockingbird nests were instead the result of different females, with up to eight individuals parasitizing a single brood. Thus, while cowbird chicks regularly share mockingbird nests with conspecifics, these are unlikely to be their maternal siblings. Our results are consistent with shiny cowbird females following a one-egg-per-nest rule, even where hosts can rear multiple parasitic young.     

Spatio-temporal log-Gaussian Cox processes for modelling wildfire occurrence: the case of Catalonia, 1994–2008

Wildfires have become one of the principal environmental problems in the Mediterranean basin. While fire plays an important role in most terrestrial plant ecosystems, the potential hazard that it represents for human lives and property has led to the application of fire exclusion policies that, in the long term, have caused severe damage, mainly due to the increase of fuel loadings in forested areas, in some forest systems. The lack of an easy solution to forest fire management highlights the importance of preventive tasks. The observed spatio-temporal pattern of wildfire occurrences may be idealized as a realization of some stochastic process. In particular, we may use a space–time point pattern approach for the analysis and inference process. We studied wildfires in Catalonia, a region in the north-east of the Iberian Peninsula, and we analyzed the spatio-temporal patterns produced by those wildfire incidences by considering the influence of covariates on trends in the intensity of wildfire locations. A total of 3,166 wildfires from 1994–2008 have been recorded. We specified spatio-temporal log-Gaussian Cox process models. Models were estimated using Bayesian inference for Gaussian Markov Random Field through the integrated nested Laplace approximation algorithm. The results of our analysis have provided statistical evidence that areas closer to humans have more human induced wildfires, areas farther have more naturally occurring wildfires. We believe the methods presented in this paper may contribute to the prevention and management of those wildfires which are not random in space or time.