沉淀分离富集-电感耦合等离子原子发射光谱测定土壤中可溶态稀土元素

研究电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱测定土壤中微量可溶态稀土元素的方法。在适宜的ｐＨ＝１０－１１条件下,以ＭｇＣｌ２为载体沉淀分离除去浸提液中的大部分基体杂质如Ｎａ＾＋,Ａｃ＾－,Ｃａ＾２＋,Ｍｇ＾２＋等,有效地消除了这些杂质的干扰,提高了测定方法的准确度;同时,待测可溶态稀土元素被沉淀集,样品中总稀土及单一稀土加标回收率为８８％－１１０％,样品测定结果满意,方法简便快速。     

浙江省农村生活污水处理技术模式导向研究

全面系统总结了现阶段浙江省农村生活污水处理工程现状及主要技术模式。通过对单纯厌氧生物处理、人工湿地处理、好氧生物处理和生态塘处理等四种主流技术模式典型工程案例的跟踪调查和分析,阐明了每种类型技术模式的工程技术经济特点和环境适应性,进而提出实际工程应用中技术模式的选择原则和指南,为深化农村生活污染治理、强化农村生活污水治理工程建设规范引导和管理提供有益的借鉴。     

关于生态补偿机制的若干思考——以富阳市为例

为了保护水源区生态环境和推进区域经济社会的可持续发展,需要建立和完善生态补偿制度。生态环境功能区规划的提出赋予了实施生态补偿全新的内涵,本文在评价富阳市现有生态补偿现状的基础上,依据富阳市生态环境功能区规划的新要求,提出了以公共补偿为主,互助补偿、市场补偿为辅的生态补偿机制架构,并探讨了生态补偿专项资金管理办法的制定。     

集约化畜禽养殖对环境的污染及防治研究

治理集约化畜禽养殖废弃物污染,开展废弃物的资源化利用,是解决中国畜牧业环境污染问题的主要路径。文章详述了中国畜禽养殖业污染问题的产生及对环境可能造成的影响,分析了畜禽废弃物处理措施与资源化利用的主要方式及其效果和存在的问题,并提出了控制畜禽粪污染物的对策和环境管理建议,将有助于推动中国畜禽养殖业的可持续发展,改善农业生态环境及农村人居环境。     

污泥焚烧处理成本分析

为进一步降低污泥焚烧处理成本,先对污泥流化床焚烧处理作了简单的工艺分类与对比,并针对"自持焚烧"处理工艺,列出了较为详细的设备资金投入比重、直接运行成本和运行总成本,进而提出了推广该工艺技术降低成本的途径是对污泥进行预处理、提高设备国产化水平和开发应用多样化技术。     

Ancient paddy soils from the Neolithic age in China’s Yangtze River Delta

Identifying prehistoric irrigated rice fields and characterizing the beginning of paddy soil development are important for a better understanding of human development and agricultural history. In 2003, paddy soils and irrigated rice fields buried at a depth of 100–130 cm were excavated at Chuo-dun-shan in the Yangtze River Delta, close to Suzhou, China. The fields of sizes between 1.4 and 16 m² were surrounded with ridges that were connected to ditches/ponds via outlets to control the water level within the fields. Many carbonized and partly carbonized rice grains with an age of 3,903 B.C.(measured ¹⁴C age 5,129±45 a BP) were recovered. The surface layers of these buried paddy fields showed a high content of soil organic matter and a considerable high density of rice opals. The latter were identified to derive from Oryza spp. Solid-state ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed aromatic carbon (C) as the predominant organic C form in the fossil surface layer. This is expected, if the major source represents burnt rice and straw. In summary, our data are in agreement with new evidences indicating that in China, paddy soils and irrigated rice cultivation were initiated and developed more than 6,000 years ago.     

生物强化滤池-O_3-BAC系统对微污染河水的深度净化研究

为提高生物滤池-臭氧氧化-生物活性炭滤池组合工艺系统对微污染地表水中主要污染物的去除效率,文章考察了生物强化条件下该组合系统的性能。利用PCR-DGGE技术进行各单元中微生物多样性对比分析,并采用生物毒性效应测试进行该项组合工艺出水水质的生态安全性考察。此外,通过显微镜和扫描电镜进行生物单元填料中微生物膜形态研究。结果表明:生物强化滤池单元中高效工程菌的添加有效改善了系统内微生物浓度低的问题并提高了系统对主要污染物的去除效率,生物强化滤池填料中微生物多样性指数和物种数均高于其他工艺单元。生物滤池中生物膜形态、颜色和厚度具有沿水流方向渐变的特点。原水经生物强化组合系统深度处理后可有效降低水中生物毒性,包括部分急性毒性特征物质和致癌风险值的削减。     

汕头港环境承载力及可持续发展研究

研究海湾环境承载力旨在协调海湾区域内环境系统之间的矛盾,缓解社会经济发展对海湾河口水域环境的压力。本研究从探讨海湾环境承载力定义出发,结合海湾环境的特点,选取28项指标,构建汕头港生态环境承载力的评价指标体系。以2005年-2009年数据为例,以熵权法计算各评价指标的客观权重,并应用空间状态法对这5年环境的承载力水平做出评价。分析评价结果可知：汕头港近5年环境承载力水平及其经济子承载力水平从弱载转变为适载,生态环境子承载力仅有2005年为适载,其他四年均处于弱载水平,汕头港区发展潜力大。并在此基础上,针对汕头港的可持续发展提出建议。     

千岛湖流域水环境功能区划与生态环境保护对策研究

千岛湖是较为典型的大型深水湖泊,近年来水环境质量在湖体上存在差异.认识这种差异并根据差异的程度,对湖泊进行区划,并因地制宜制定千岛湖水域的环境保护措施,制定湖泊水环境保护的方向性和战略性目标,具有重要的现实意义.文章从生态林业、生态工业、生态农业和生态旅游业等领域,提出了千岛湖生态环境保护的对策,以期为国内其它湖泊提供环境保护的借鉴.     

Effects of SOM, surfactant and pH on the sorption-desorption and mobility of prometryne in soils

Sorption and desorption of the herbicide prometryne in two types of soil subjected to the changes of pH and soil organic matter and surfactant were investigated. The sorption and desorption isotherms were expressed by the Freundlich equation. Freundlich K_f and n values indicate that soil organic matter was the major factor affecting prometryne behavior in the test soils. We also quantified the prometryne sorption and desorption behavior in soils, which arose from the application of Triton X-100 (TX100), a nonionic surfactant and change in pH. Application of TX100 led to a general decrease in prometryne sorption to the soils and an increase in desorption from the soils when applied in dosages of the critical micella concentration (CMC) 0.5, 1 and 2. At the concentration below the CMC, the non-ionic surfactant showed a tendency to decrease prometryne sorption and desorption. It appeared that TX100 dosages above CMC were required to effectively mobilize prometryne. Results indicate that the maximum prometryne sorption and minimum prometryne desorption in soils were achieved when the solution pH was near its pK_a. Finally, the influence of TX100 on the mobility of prometryne in soils using soil thin-layer chromatography was examined.