基于第一原理的安全技术及其应用分析

分析了美国Sandia国家实验室在核武器研制过程中提出的基于第一原理的安全技术,总结了其技术要点及和常规安全技术的差异、联系,给出了基于第一原理的安全性设计方法的步骤.通过分析基于第一原理的安全技术在水坝、压力容器中的应用,指出应用于核武器安全性设计的第一原理同样适用于民用高危系统.     

机械制造企业开展安全标准化工作的难点及对策

国务院《关于进一步加强安全生产工作的决定》(国发[2004]2号)中要求全国所有工矿、商贸、交通运输、建筑施工等企业普遍开展安全质量标准化活动。国家安全生产监督管理总局2005年制定下发     

化工储罐间距和体积对爆炸碎片多米诺效应概率的影响

化工储罐爆炸后将产生大量碎片,这些抛射碎片一旦击中相邻罐体容易引发多米诺效应。碎片的抛射方位和抛射距离具有很大的随机性,已有研究多采用概率模型来描述碎片抛射的各分过程。通过总结和发展已有的分过程模型,建立了求取多米诺效应的综合概率模型,并基于蒙特卡罗算法编制了模拟软件,可对化工储罐多米诺效应的发生概率进行预测计算。选取若干常用化工球罐为相邻目标储罐进行实例分析,计算结果表明储罐间距和体积是影响多米诺效应发生概率的两个重要影响因素：随着距离的增大,多米诺效应发生概率不断减小;目标储罐体积越大,多米诺效应发生概率将越大。其中,爆炸碎片对目标储罐的击中概率受上述因素的影响程度更大。该文工作对化工储罐区的安全评价具有一定的参考价值。     

Competing hypotheses analyses of the associations between group task conflict and group relationship conflict

Although previous research have reported strong and positive intercorrelations between group task conflict and group relationship conflict, several different theoretical rationales exist for the positive link and the empirical literature remains equivocal. To clarify the causal linkage between the two types of conflict, we derived seven models specifying how group task and relationship conflict can be related to each other, including some rival explanations. We tested the competing models using a longitudinal panel design, with data collected from 74 project teams comprising a total of 388 students. The results indicated that relationship conflict led to an increased subsequent task conflict through negative group affect. Task conflict, however, predicted a subsequent relationship conflict under a specific context, that is, groups that had lower levels of trust among the members. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高频电容耦合等离子体净化甲醛废气的实验研究

设计了高频电容耦合等离子体甲醛气体处理实验装置,开展了高频电容耦合等 离子体甲醛气体处理实验研究.实验表明,甲醛去除率随着输入功率的增加而增加,随着甲醛 初始浓度、电极间距、反应管管径、系统压力和气体流量等减小,甲醛的去除率也相应减小 ,高频电容耦合等离子体处理甲醛气体,可使甲醛去除率在最佳条件下达97%.     

欧日中实施GHS政策的对比和思考

通过研究欧盟、日本和我国实施全球化学品统一分类和标签制度(GHS)的基本情况,并从实施GHS的框架体系、实施GHS的时间节点、GHS的危险类别和GHS危险类别的判定,4个方面对欧盟、日本和我国实施GHS的现状进行重点研究。通过对比分析得出我国当前实施GHS主要存在4个方面的问题,即缺乏实施GHS的综合法律、实施GHS缓冲期的设置存在问题、缺乏开展GHS分类的配套指南、没有合理的运用"积木原则"。结合我国的实际情况提出3个方面的建议:适时推动我国GHS法律法规体系的建设、在各部门的协作下编制我国的GHS分类指南、合理的运用"积木原则"。通过分析表明:欧盟实施的GHS政策最为完善且力度最强,日本次之;由于充分利用"积木原则",欧盟的GHS类别与日中存在一定的差异;欧日中在数据运用和GHS危险判定原则上存在差异。     

外源Cd、Cd - Zn复合污染对绿豆苗的影响

采用盆栽试验,分别向磁器口土样(土壤1)、校园土样(土壤2)中添加不同质量比的Cd及不同质量比的Zn+ Cd(20 mg/kg),研究不同质量比外源CA及Zn+Cd(20 mg/kg)复合污染对两种土壤中绿豆苗株高及绿豆苗吸收Cd的影响.结果表明:单一外源不同质量比Cd污染绿豆苗时,生长期为7d的绿豆苗株高较对照组有明显下降,随Cd污染加剧,绿豆苗生长受到抑制,随生长期延长而其危害加剧;随Cd污染的加剧,绿豆苗中Cd质量比增加,并呈正相关性,相同污染水平下,生长期为7d的绿豆苗Cd质量比均大于生长期为3d的;在不同污染水平下,土壤1的绿豆苗株高高于土壤2,其绿豆苗Cd质量比低于土壤2;Zn+ Cd(20 mg/kg)复合污染时,株高较对照组矮,绿豆苗中Cd质量比随着Zn质量比增加而增加,呈正相关,表现为协同作用;对比土壤1和土壤2,土壤2的株高较低,但其绿豆苗中Cd质量比在不同水平下均高于土壤1.     

摩托车防护头盔发展现状和展望分析

当今保护人类健康安全日益受到社会普遍重视,头部安全是摩托车乘员的首要问题。摩托车头盔防护依然十分重要;国际上其标准修定较快并不断完善;通过对TBT通报,头盔安全类发明专利等数据分析,得出摩托车头盔的技术研发高峰近期爆发。     

深部软岩巷道变形机理及卸荷本构关系研究

安全发展是构建和谐社会的前提,煤炭行业的安全生产又是重中之重,随着煤炭开采深度的增加,巷道支护和管理方面存在的困难将无疑超过浅部其他水平,深部高应力软岩巷道围岩控制成为制约矿井安全、高效生产的主要因素之一.当前我国在安全生产理论方面的研究成果已经对煤矿的安全生产产生了重大影响,并取得卓越成就,而安全生产科学理论的贯彻执行必须借助技术、设备和工艺的创新性研究,并在现场实践中得以全面应用.本文通过对深部巷道开挖过程的应力调整机理、破坏特性及本构关系的研究,提出以锚杆、锚索为主的深部软岩巷道联合支护控制对策,并强调支护材料性能的互补性和施工的适时性.经现场实践,取得良好支护效果.     

Development of a Local-Scale Spatially Refined Multimedia Fate Model (LSRMFM) for Urban-Scale Risk Assessment: Model Formulation, GIS-Based Preprocessing, and Case Study

A local-scale spatially refined multimedia fate model (LSRMFM) was developed to evaluate in detail the multimedia transport of organic compounds at a spatial level. The model was derived using a combination of an advection?Cdispersion?Creaction partial differential equation, a steady-state multimedia fugacity model, and a geographical information system. The model was applied to predicting four major volatile organic compounds that are produced as emissions (benzene, toluene, xylene, and styrene) in an urban and industrial area (the 50?×?50-km area was divided into 0.5?×?0.5-km segments) in Korea. To test the accuracy of the model, the LSRMFM was used to predict the extent of dispersion and the data compared with actual measured concentrations and the results of a generic multimedia fate model (GMFM). The results indicated that the method developed herein is appropriate for predicting long-term multimedia pollution. However, the comparison study also illustrated that the developed model has some limitations (e.g., steady-state assumption) in terms of explaining all the observed concentrations, and additional verification and study (e.g., validation using a large observed data set, integration with a more accurate runoff model) would be desirable. In comparing LSRMFM and GMFM, discrepancies between the LSRMFM and GMFM outputs were found, as the result of geographical effects, even though the environmental parameters were identical. The geographical variation for LSRMFM output indicated the existence of considerable local human and ecological risks, whereas the GMFM output indicated less average risk. These results demonstrate that the model has the potential for improving the management of pollutant levels under these refined spatial conditions.