"一退两还"中的博弈分析与制度创新

“一退两还”即“退耕还林还草”，是我国政府在世纪之交所作出的一项旨在推进国民经济可持续发展的战略举措。本文运用博弈论的方法，通过对“一退两还”中的各个相关主体利益的思考和行为的辨析，结合分析结论，提出了对提高“一退两还”实施效果具有重要意义的制度创新思路。     

论SSP范式在环境保护结构绩效分析中的应用--以体制转型时期为例的研究

文章是将美国经济学家A.爱伦·斯密德的SSP分析范式运用于环境保护结构绩效研究的一次新的尝试.首先指出了斯密德的SSP范式与以往环境保护绩效研究工具的不同之处,适时给出了将SSP范式运用于环境保护结构绩效分析的几个理由.最后,本文将SSP范式运用于我国体制转型时期环境保护结构绩效的分析.     

“5.12”汶川地震极重灾区灾后 十年生态恢复状况评估

汶川地震发生10年后，通过对极重灾区生态系统类型解译和地面植被样方调查， GPP、LAI反演，以及对土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾和速效氮、速效磷、速效钾含量的测定与分析，综合评估了极重灾区植被和土壤恢复情况。结果表明：区域生态系统总体趋于稳定向好的恢复态势。2017年的裸露地表面积虽高于震前（2007年），但相对于震后（2008年后）已有所减少。从生态系统质量上来看：GPP、LAI均值在2014年以后呈持续缓慢上升状态，反映了区域生态系统总体良好的恢复力。但是部分在地震中损坏的森林生态系统，仍未恢复到原来状态。成都平原区域部分农田转变为城镇建设用地。至2017年，地震破坏迹地植物种类明显增加。但仍以蔷薇科、菊科和禾本科等先锋物种为主，与2009年的调查结果相似。地震破坏迹地的群落结构已得到了较好的恢复。垂直分层方面，除干旱河谷区域群落结构仅草本或灌草结合1个层次外，其余区域的群落结构已经形成乔木-灌木-草本3个层次；土壤肥力状况总体上对照点优于受损点，受损点土壤肥力状况仍呈恶化状态。地震造成的土壤裸露，加速了矿化过程，短期内受损点速效营养元素含量的增加，长期来看将导致营养元素的流失，土壤肥力下降。在加强地质灾害监管，预防次生灾害的基础上，龙门山前华西雨屏一带，自然植被应坚持自然恢复为主。干旱河谷区域可以按照“因地制宜，适地适树”原则，采取适当人工恢复措施，同时注意改善土壤养分条件，促进植被恢复；城镇建设过程中应加强国土空间管控，保护基本农田。同时，应加强对生态保护红线，以及包括基本农田在内的各级各类保护地的监管。     

基于GIS的城市环境工程地质质量模糊评价 --以陕西略阳城区为例

通过对陕西略阳城区地质背景和环境工程地质问题的分析和研究,将影响城市环境工程地质综合质量的要素概括为动力地质作用、斜坡稳定性、岩土体地基特征、水文地质特征及人类活动强度等5大类。为尽可能实现多因素的影响和评价因子的量化,将评价因子划分为3级;根据评价因子与人类活动特征的相互影响关系,将评价因子划分为3类,即敏感因子、重要因子和一般因子,建立了质量评价指标体系,并确定了质量评价标准。在GIS支持下,建立了城市环境工程地质质量评价因子数据库。利用GIS空间栅格叠加分析功能。采用3级模糊综合评判方法对略阳城区环境工程地质质量现状进行了综合评价,编制了环境工程地质质量现状综合评价图。     

有机气溶胶组分对六氯苯光解的影响

以高压汞灯为光源,分别研究了六氯苯在正己烷和邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯(DIOP)为有机气溶胶表层模拟介质时的光解,发现六氯苯在正己烷和DIOP中的光解半衰期分别约为<5 min和5 h,相差70倍以上.研究发现蒽醌和甲氧酚类气溶胶组分对六氯苯的光解具有光敏化作用,其反应机制可能分别为能量转移和抽氢反应.六氯苯光解的主要产物是五氯酚.     

HCHs and DDTs in sediment-dwelling animals from the Yangtze Estuary, China

HCHs and DDTs in sediment-dwelling animals including mollusks and crabs from the Yangtze Estuary were determined by GC-ECD. Levels of t-HCH were in the range of 1.2-5.5 ng g(-1) and averaged 3.5 ng g(-1) in mollusks, while t-DDT concentrations ranged from 26.0 to 68.8 ng g(-1), with a mean of 34.5 ng g(-1). In crabs t-HCH concentrations varied from 2.0 to 25.7 ng g(-1) and averaged 13.8 ng g(-1), whereas the concentrations of t-DDT were in the range of 1.5-24.8 ng g(-1) with a mean value of 5.9 ng g(-1). The HCHs and DDTs levels depend on geographical position and sources, showing the high levels at fresh water area in the estuary, such as XP, CM and LHK sites, and lower at brackish water area, such as FX site, and little difference between species. Results also indicate there was no significant relationship between t-HCH (t-DDT) concentrations and lipid contents both in mollusks and crabs because of non-equilibrium state under a specific estuarine dynamics; smaller individuals accumulated more HCHs and DDTs than larger individuals of mollusks at LHK site, showing different uptake rate for these pesticides; moreover, HCHs and DDTs levels were lower in female crab bodies than male crab bodies suggesting that the release of spawning. BSAFs (Biota- Sediment Accumulation Factors) from sediment-dwelling animals for HCHs and DDTs show a significant "one high with two low" and "one low with two high" effect in the Yangtze Estuary.     

Analysis of regional and temporal characteristics of PM10 during an Asian dust episode in Korea

This study analyzes the regional and temporal distributions of PM10 concentrations observed in major metropolitan cities in Korea before, during and after a recent Asian dust episode in 2002. There were spatial and temporal variations in PM10 concentrations among the mid-western, the southwestern, the southeastern, and the southern parts of Korea during this Asian dust period due to the different air mass movement time and the different wind directions and speeds of prevailing winds in each city or region. The origins of the three-day Asian dust episode were identified by an analysis of two-day backward isentropic air trajectories. The different origins for each day also significantly contributed to the spatial and temporal variations in PM10 concentrations. A significant relationship was found between PM10 concentrations on the day preceding the first peak day and the first peak day of the Asian dust period but only in the mid-western areas. The concentrations of PM10 just after the Asian dust episode were much higher than those just before. There was a significant increase in a coarse fraction, having soil origins, of particles during the Asian dust episode. Concentrations of Mn, Fe, Ni and Cr extracted from the total suspended particulate (TSP) samples collected in 7 cities during the Asian dust episode were much higher when compared with other days in 2001. However, the Asian dust did not consistently increase the concentrations of lead, cadmium and copper as they are influenced by local sources such as local traffic or industrial emissions.     

Adsorption of branched alkylbenzene sulfonate onto styrene and acrylic ester resins

In this study, a series of acrylic ester resins were prepared and characterized. The adsorption behaviors of sodium 6-dodecyl benzenesulfonate (6-NaDBS) on styrene resin XAD-4 and acrylic ester resins have been studied. As compared to commercial acrylic ester resins Amberlite XAD-7 and Diaion HP2MG, YWB-38, one of the as-prepared resins, exhibits better adsorption properties toward 6-NaDBS. The experimental equilibrium data were fitted to the Langmuir and double-Langmuir models. The two models provide very good fit for all acrylic ester resins over the temperature range studied, whereas fitted results for styrene resin XAD-4 are less accurate. The investigation indicates that the adsorbate molecules are directly adsorbed on acrylic ester resins as a bi-layer, while the molecules are adsorbed on XAD-4 as monolayer formation followed by the establishment of bi-layer. Adsorption kinetics and elution processes were also investigated for further exploring the adsorption behavior and mechanism on styrene resin XAD-4 and YWB-38.     

"三大定律"警示基层安全管理工作

近两年来,频繁发生的"12·23重庆井喷"、"4·15重庆天原化工厂氯气泄漏"、"吉化11·13苯泄露事件"等等安全事故,让人触目惊心.从这些事故原因中,我们不难看到钻井作业卸掉"防喷阀"、危险化学品车辆押运员"逃逸"、化工厂职工现场"处置不当"等不安全状态(侥幸心理和麻痹大意思想)是导致这些事故发生的直接原因.我们安全管理人员在分析以上事故原因,吸取惨痛教训的同时,不能忽视事故发生的规律,并且应注重"安全管理三大定律"对基层安全管理和安全培训教育工作的启示.