基于Monte-Carlo方法的静电除尘器除尘效率

针对经典除尘效率未考虑诸多随机因素影响的问题,提出了基于Monte-Carlo方法的效率分析模型,并通过实验数据验证其可靠性。通过该模型分析了粒径大小、电场气流速度、电晕电压、两极间距、粒子浓度等因素对收尘效率的影响规律,结果表明:基于Monte-Carlo方法的仿真结果精度更高,能有效预测静电除尘器的收尘效率,对于改进静电除尘器设计具有一定的理论意义和实用价值。     

高硬度富锶地下水的软化沉淀-超滤膜联用工艺

针对一种高硬度富锶地下水,分别采用石灰和石灰-碳酸钠两种方法,利用药剂软化/超滤膜工艺对其进行软化处理,同时考察了药剂投量对出水锶含量的影响。结果表明,采用石灰软化/超滤膜法,Ca(OH)2最佳投加量为270 mg/L时,出水总硬度(以CaCO3计)由287.12 mg/L降低到96.44 mg/L,硬度去除率为66.41%,出水锶含量也由原水中的0.37 mg/L下降为0.21 mg/L;而采用石灰-碳酸钠软化/超滤膜法,Ca(OH)2和Na2CO3最佳投加量分别为270 mg/L、160mg/L时,出水总硬度降低到60.34 mg/L,硬度去除率达78.98%,锶含量仅为0.02 mg/L。2种处理方法出水总硬度均达到预期目标,石灰软化/超滤膜法可使出水锶含量满足富锶水的要求,而石灰-碳酸钠软化/超滤膜法则造成了对人体有益微量元素锶的大量损失。     

电解锰渣中锰的浸出条件及特征

采用水洗-酸解法回收电解锰渣中锰,探讨了清水量、酸量以及温度在不同阶段对锰浸(洗)出条件的影响,分析了回收锰的主要因素及浸出特征。实验结果表明,50 g电解锰渣经m渣∶m水=1∶10的清水水洗后,采用10%的硫酸在70℃的水浴温度下酸解2 h,Mn2+浸出量为1.673 g,回收率达到97.3%,而温度和酸度对锰离子的浸出影响明显,酸度调控可有效分离酸浸锰液中金属成分,为减少电解锰渣环境污染的同时,实现电解锰渣资源化利用。     

新型活性污泥的培养及其处理高盐有机废水

在好氧反应器中,将海泥通过海水和营养物质培养成新型的活性污泥,在处理含盐废水时有较好的活性和沉降性能,对这种新型的活性污泥我们称其为海洋活性污泥。通过10周的培养,海泥的污泥体积指数（SVI）从最初的19 mL/g升高到70 mL/g,对有机废水处理12 h后高锰酸盐指数（CODMn）降解率达到90%,氨氮降解率达到45%。在污泥培养时,营养物质投加频率为一日一次最有利于污泥的培养,又葡萄糖比淀粉更有利于污泥的培养。对于含盐有机废水的处理,海洋活性污泥也比传统活性污泥有优势,甚至对于含盐量6%的高盐有机废水,处理12 h后能达到CODMn降解率达为70%,氨氮降解率达到30%。当NaCl浓度高于6%,海洋活性污泥仍具有一定的活性,但仍能观察到明显的抑制作用。此外,海洋活性污泥具有比传统活性污泥更强的盐度变化抗性,甚至在低盐度下盐浓度变化时,海洋活性污泥的氨氮降解稳定性也优于传统活性污泥。     

曝气和pH对城市污染河道底泥氮形态的影响

以城市重污染河道表层沉积物为研究对象,采用模拟实验方法,探讨了不同曝气方式(水曝气和泥曝气)、上覆水初始pH(自然状态pH=7和pH=11)对城市污染河道底泥氮形态的影响。结果表明:采用水曝气+pH11方式对城市重污染河道上覆水、间隙水中总氮去除率分别为70.03%和44.66%;泥曝气+pH7方式对上覆水、间隙水、底泥中氨氮去除率分别为94.31%、84.07%和68.29%;底泥pH与上覆水总氮浓度呈正相关(p<0.05);泥曝气+pH11方式使底泥含水率、烧失率明显升高,继而影响各形态氮在泥水系统中的赋存,其中底泥吸附态氨氮含量与底泥含水率呈显著负相关(p<0.01),间隙水可溶态氨氮浓度与底泥烧失率显著正相关(p<0.01)。     

螺、蚌对污水处理厂再生水环境的改善稳定作用

通过选用昆明市第五污水处理厂的一级A标出水和水处理厂外排污泥作为静态实验环境,研究不同混养密度下铜锈环棱螺、椭圆背角无齿蚌对污水处理厂再生水环境的净化性能,筛选出净化效果较好的放养密度。结果表明:放养30 d,铜锈环棱螺、椭圆背角无齿蚌对污水处理厂再生水环境的水质、底质均有一定的净化作用,扣减空白对照影响,水中COD、TP、NH3-N及底泥有机质平均去除率分别为22.26%、26.10%、25.60%和25.69%,底泥厚度平均减少3.8 cm;与对照相比,放养螺蚌45 d内水均能清澈见底,透明度均>70 cm,能明显稳定水体透明度,改善水环境。综合螺蚌生长适应性和净化效果考虑:污水处理厂再生水静态环境中,螺蚌混养密度应≤3 000 g/m3,在2 000～2 500 g/m3为宜,其中铜锈环棱螺的最适放养密度在400 g/m3,椭圆背角无齿蚌为1 600～2 100 g/m3。     

某矿区土壤和地下水重金属污染调查与评价

为了解湘南某矿区土壤和地下水重金属污染状况,对该矿区东河流域附近重金属污染源进行了调查,同时,对地下水和土壤样品进行了采样分析,结果表明：（1）该矿区东河流域附近的主要污染源有18个,其中有色金属选厂、尾矿库、采矿场和冶炼厂是排放重金属较多的污染源;（2）20个采样点中土壤重金属Pb、Cd、Zn、As和Hg大部分超过国家土壤环境质量标准（GB15618-1995）,综合污染指数P综〉1,该矿区主要的重金属污染元素为Cd、As和Hg,且土壤中Cd、Zn和As的含量两两之间存在着极显著的正线性相关关系;（3）重金属元素在土壤中的纵向迁移不明显,该矿区附近20个采样点的地下水并未受到污染,综合污染指数P综〈1。20个采样点地下水Pb、Cd、Zn、As、Hg浓度均能达到地下水质量标准（GB／T14848．9）中的Ⅲ类标准。     

Distribution and ecological risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides in surface sediments from the East Lake,China

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are ubiquitous pollutants, and their presence in urban lakes is a concern for human and ecological health. Surface sediments in the East Lake, China, were collected in winter 2012 and summer 2013 to investigate concentrations, distribution patterns, possible sources, and potential ecological risks of OCPs in this area. The total concentrations of 14 OCPs ranged from 6.3 to 400 ng g^?1 dry weight (dw) with an average concentration of 79 ng g^?1 dw. The mean values of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) (α-, β-, γ-, and δ-HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) (p,p’-DDE, p,p’-DDD, and p,p’-DDT) were 36 and 7.6 ng g^?1 dw, accounting for 45 and 10 % of the total OCPs, respectively. The concentrations of OCPs in sediment samples collected in winter were significantly higher than those in summer, especially the HCHs, of which in winter were two times greater than summer. Composition analyses indicated that DDTs and endosulfan were mainly from historical contribution. Historical use of technical HCH and new input of lindane were probably the source of HCHs in the East Lake. Most sampling sites of HCHs and DDTs were found to have the potential ecological risk based on levels specified in the sediment quality standards.     

Influence of UV radiation on chlorophyll,and antioxidant enzymes of wetland plants in different types of constructed wetland

A surface- and vertical subsurface-flow-constructed wetland were designed to study the response of chlorophyll and antioxidant enzymes to elevated UV radiation in three types of wetland plants (Canna indica, Phragmites austrail, and Typha augustifolia). Results showed that (1) chlorophyll content of C. indica, P. austrail, and T. augustifolia in the constructed wetland was significantly lower where UV radiation was increased by 10 and 20 % above ambient solar level than in treatment with ambient solar UV radiation (p?C. indica, P. australis, and T. angustifolia by elevated UV radiation of 10 % was higher in vertical subsurface-flow-constructed wetland than in surface-flow-constructed wetland. The sensitivity of MDA, SOD, POD, and CAT activities of C. indica, P. austrail, and T. augustifolia to the elevated UV radiation was lower in surface-flow-constructed wetland than in the vertical subsurface-flow-constructed wetland, which was related to a reduction in UV radiation intensity through the dissolved organic carbon and suspended matter in the water. C. indica had the highest SOD and POD activities, which implied it is more sensitive to enhanced UV radiation. Therefore, different wetland plants had different antioxidant enzymes by elevated UV radiation, which were more sensitive in vertical subsurface-flow-constructed wetland than in surface-flow-constructed wetland.     

Fenton法处理垃圾渗滤液的参数优化及反应动力学模型

采用Fenton法处理垃圾渗滤液,研究反应时间、初始浓度、pH、Fenton试剂用量对垃圾渗滤液TOC去除率的影响。研究结果表明,最优反应条件是反应时间30 min,初始pH为3.0,初始[H2O2]0=7 310 mg/L,最佳[H2O2]/[Fe2+]摩尔比为5,反应温度为室温,此时渗滤液的TOC去除率达到70.3%。渗滤液矿化过程符合一级反应动力学,并建立了符合该渗滤液的反应动力学模型。