企业中化验室的危害识别与风险控制

吐哈油田甲醇厂利用天然气生产甲醇,该厂主要包括240kt／a的甲醇装置、10km^3／h的空风装置、9．5km^3／h的循环水处理装置。该厂配套建有一个较为综合的化验室,主要分析甲醇装置生产的甲醇产品、天然气,空风装置生产的液氧、液氮、液氩,循环水处理装置的循环水,以及分析各装置中间过程产品和辅助用料质量。日常分析样品有19种,分析项目多达90项。     

智能巡检机器人在自然环境试验中的应用探讨

目的 探索建立自然环境试验智能巡检系统,使用机器人替代部分人工巡检工作。方法 通过分析巡检作业环境和巡检任务,确定智能巡检机器人的功能要求和技术参数,进而开展机器人本体结构设计,融合控制后台、远程数据库等设备,实现智能巡检系统构建。结果 开展了智能巡检数据采集的使用验证,巡检机器人采集的样品图像对焦清晰、分辨率高,样品在图像中的位置大小合理,腐蚀特征展示清楚。巡检系统可对样品图像进行自动分割和智能识别,对蚀点、流痕等损伤特征识别准确,精度可达0.1%。结论 智能巡检系统可以满足自然环境试验的巡检要求,替代人工完成部分巡检工作,智能巡检数据便于入库和使用挖掘,对于自然环境试验的数字化转型有积极的推动作用。     

基于消费者购车决策的购置税、燃油税节能减排效应分析

本文基于中国乘用车市场车型层面微观数据,采用前沿的需求模型估计方法,通过反事实分析,实证模拟了燃油税与购置税税率变动作用于消费者购车决策的价格收入效应与替代效应,进而从需求侧探究购置税与燃油税实现节能减排的微观经济学机制,兼论环境税对企业和社会总福利的影响。结论表明：燃油税具有显著的价格变动收入效应,即促使更多消费者放弃驾车出行模式,购置税具有显著的价格变动替代效应,即促使消费者选择购买小排量车型。在这样的机制下,组合税对需求的影响更多地取决于购置税,即购置税的价格替代效应超过燃油税的价格收入效应。这使得组合税在样本期并未实现总量上的节能减排,但税收组合政策使得中国乘用车市场车型平均油耗降低。从时间趋势来看,燃油税节能减排效应具有时间稳定性,购置税减排效果具有很大的波动性。从税制福利效应来看,组合税制的税收效应更多地向消费者市场转移。总的来看,燃油税与购置税的组合税政策并未实现“1+1＞ 2”的效应,未来减排工作的核心应在于通过调整和匹配税率,以实现组合税最优的政策效果。     

天然锰砂去除水中的砷

天然锰砂是一种廉价、高效的水处理用材料,但尚未用于水中砷的去除。实验研究了反应时间、砷形态、初始砷浓度、温度、溶液初始pH对吸附过程的影响。结果表明,天然锰砂对As(Ⅲ)的吸附能力大于As(Ⅴ)。25℃时,固液比为10 g/L的条件下,天然锰砂对初始浓度为5.0 mg/L的砷溶液吸附过程经72 h基本达到平衡,平衡时对As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的去除率分别达到94.5%和85.9%。吸附过程符合Lagergren准一级反应动力学模型和假二级反应动力学模型。相比之下,假二级动力学模型拟合程度更高。对As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ),45℃时的吸附量均大于25℃时。不同温度下,天然锰砂对As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的吸附过程更符合Freundlich等温吸附模型。在溶液初始pH为3～10范围内,锰砂对砷的吸附能力受pH的影响较小。实验结果表明,天然锰砂是一种具有实际应用潜力的除砷材料。     

磷化氢液相催化氧化净化催化剂的初筛

传统的净化方法难以实现低成本、高效、选择性净化低浓度磷化氢尾气,这限制了含磷化氢尾气的资源化技术的实现。通过Pd(Ⅱ)、Fe(Ⅲ)、Cu(Ⅱ)、Pd(Ⅱ)-Cu(Ⅱ)、Pd(Ⅱ)-Fe(Ⅲ)对低浓度磷化氢连续净化的研究,筛选出在低温(<80℃)、常压下对低浓度磷化氢(850mg/m3)具有液相催化氧化净化活性的Pd(Ⅱ)、Pd(Ⅱ)-Cu(Ⅱ)、Pd(Ⅱ)-Fe(Ⅲ)3种催化剂,其中Pd(Ⅱ)催化氧化净化低浓度磷化氢的净化效率>60%,Pd(Ⅱ)-Cu(Ⅱ)及Pd(Ⅱ)-Fe(Ⅲ)催化氧化低浓度磷化氢(850mg/m3)的净化效率可达100%。     

Mercury removal from coal combustion flue gas by modified fly ash

Fly ash is a potential alternative to activated carbon for mercury adsorption. The effects of physicochemical properties on the mercury adsorption performance of three fly ash samples were investigated. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and other methods were used to characterize the samples. Results indicate that mercury adsorption on fly ash is primarily physisorption and chemisorption. High specific surface areas and small pore diameters are beneficial to efficient mercury removal. Incompletely burned carbon is also an important factor for the improvement of mercury removal efficiency, in particular. The C-M bond, which is formed by the reaction of C and Ti, Si and other elements, may improve mercury oxidation. The samples modified with CuBr2 , CuCl 2 and FeCl3 showed excellent performance for Hg removal, because the chlorine in metal chlorides acts as an oxidant that promotes the conversion of elemental mercury (Hg0) into its oxidized form (Hg2+). Cu2+ and Fe3+ can also promote Hg 0 oxidation as catalysts. HCl and O2 promote the adsorption of Hg by modified fly ash, whereas SO2 inhibits the Hg adsorption because of competitive adsorption for active sites. Fly ash samples modified with CuBr2 , CuCl2 and FeCl3 are therefore promising materials for controlling mercury emissions.     

地铁振动荷载作用下场地动力响应及振动衰减规律研究∗

地铁列车运行引起的场地振动对临近建筑、精密仪器等带来不可忽视的影响。为了研究场地在地铁运行振动荷载作用下的动力响应规律,基于 ABAQUS 软件建立了地铁隧道?土相互作用系统的二维有限元模型,并通过现场试验监测数据验证了模型的有效性。在此基础上,通过对场地表面振动峰值速度和加速度时程分析,研究了隧道埋置深度、土体阻尼比、土体不均匀性对场地地表振动特性及衰减规律的影响。研究结果表明：在一定范围内,土体表面的动力响应随着隧道埋置深度、土体阻尼比的增大而减小;不同土质条件下的场地地表的动力响应有一定的差别,但随着距离的增大,差别逐渐缩小。基于上述参数分析,采用 MATLAB 对峰值速度衰减曲线进行拟合,给出了场地振动衰减预测公式,可为振动敏感建筑场地的选择提供参考。     

A comparison of the toxicity of landfill leachate exposure at the seed soaking and germination stages on Zea mays L. (maize)

To compare the toxicity of landfill leachate exposure at the early stages of seed soaking and germination on maize, a field experiment was conducted to evaluate the physiological aspects of growth, yield and potential clastogenicity of root-tip cells. The maizes were treated with leachate at levels of 2%, 10%, 20%, 30% or 50% (V/V). First, the change of physiological indexes, including chlorophyll (Chl), Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, combined with yield all showed that soaking with leachate, but not germination, generated a greater ecological risk on maize. After a soaking treatment of maize with 50% leachate, the Chl, MDA and ROS levels during a vigorous growth period were 47.3%, 149.8% and 309.7%, respectively, of the control, whereas the yield decreased to 68.6% of the control. In addition, our results demonstrated that the leachate at lower levels could promote growth. This is mainly embodied in that the yield of maize treated with 10% leachate at the soaking stage increased to 116.0% of the control. Moreover, the cytological analysis experiment also demonstrated that the ecological risk of leachate still exists in both cases. Furthermore, the gray relational analysis showed that the ear row number and tassel branch number were the major factors affecting the yield of maize treated with 50% leachate at the stages of soaking and germination, respectively. In general, these results are helpful in understanding the phytotoxicity of leachate, which provides additional reference data for risk assessment and management of leachate.