Current state and future perspectives of sewer networks in urban China

Sewer network construction is insufficient in China currently. The management for sewer network is very disordered in China. Maintenance is far from enough for current sewer networks in China. China’s top priority for sewer networks is to elevate its overall performance. The new technical route is an optimal option for sewer maintenance in China. Chinese authorities and the public have largely ignored sewer networks; however, various problems are emerging nationwide with the increase construction of new sewers. The current state of sewer network construction, administration, and maintenance in China is comprehensively reviewed in this study. Serving about 444 million people, 511,200 km of sewer lines are located in urban areas. In 2014, $7 billion was invested in sewer network construction. However, both the sewer pervasion rate and the per capita sewer length were significantly lower than those in developed countries. Sewer administrative agencies in local governments are uncoordinated. Laws, regulations, and standards are incomplete, and some practices are unscientific. The future situation of sewer maintenance is extremely grim because sewer corrosion control measures have not been launched. Moreover, inspection and rehabilitation chiefly rely on traditional approaches. In contrast, the overall market share of innovative technologies is very low owing to high cost, funds shortage, and technical limitations. Approaches such as liner inversion cured-in-place pipe, pull-in ultraviolet light cured liners, and spiral wound lining are applied mostly in economically developed regions. According to status and problem analyses, China’s top priority will be to conduct aggressive maintenance work in sewer networks in the future. New technical route, corrosion control - periodic visualized inspection - trenchless rehabilitation, could be the best option for future sewer maintenance in China. Instructions and opportunities for applying this technical route are discussed in detail in this study. Finally, additional factors in the development of sewer networks in China are suggested.     

自然环境试验元数据体系研究

目的 形成自然环境试验元数据体系,为数据资源提供完备的描述及合理的规则规范,为数据库设计开发、数据挖掘分析、数据共建共享等提供支持。方法 针对自然环境试验专业特点、数据类型以及应用需求,借鉴其他领域的元数据标准规范,梳理分析自然环境试验涉及的数据特征元素集合,划分自然环境试验元数据类别,评估元数据作用,形成自然环境试验元数据体系。结果 形成了覆盖数据集描述信息、要素参数信息、数据质量信息、维护信息、限制信息、数据集分发信息、元数据参考信息、数据应用成果信息共8个类别的自然环境试验元数据体系。结论 自然环境试验元数据具有资源描述、数据选择、信息检索、管理溯源、解释分析、储存入库等作用,为数据有效管理和共建共享提供了基础。本文提出的元数据体系为自然环境试验元数据标准提供了参考思路。     

油菜-水稻轮作对作物吸收累积镉的影响

通过田间试验,利用不同吸镉特性的油菜与水稻轮作,研究镉污染农田土壤上不同轮作体系中植物对重金属的吸收累积规律,探索重金属污染土壤上农产品安全生产模式。研究结果表明:在镉污染农田土壤上,2个不同吸镉特性的油菜品种籽粒的产量没有显著性差异,高积累镉油菜品种朱苍花籽的籽粒中镉含量为0.29 mg/kg,超出食品污染物限量标准值的45%;而低积累镉油菜品种川油Ⅱ-93籽粒中镉含量为0.14 mg/kg,符合标准限值。2个油菜品种根系对根际土壤中的镉有不同程度的活化作用,川油Ⅱ-93的根际土有效镉含量由0.41 mg/kg上升到0.72 mg/kg,增长75.6%;朱苍花籽根际土中有效镉含量由0.45 mg/kg上升到0.55 mg/kg,增长22.2%。油菜收获后显著影响了下茬水稻糙米中镉的含量,油菜朱苍花籽成熟收获后种植水稻的轮作体系中,糙米中镉含量为0.22 mg/kg,超过标准限值10%,而其他轮作体系中糙米镉含量符合标准限值。通过品种筛选可以实现镉污染农田土壤的作物安全生产。     

基于CBRM的轨道交通行车调度岗位风险控制分析

为提升轨道交通运营风险管理水平,本文采用Bowtie方法和基于控制的风险管理(CBRM)理念,构建行车调度岗位"运营异常"Bowtie图,设计轨道交通CBRM分析方法并对"运营异常"屏障进行分析.结果表明:所设计的CBRM分析方法在轨道交通运营中具有可行性和适用性,其应用可从屏障/控制的有效性、可靠性和问责性为岗位风险管理提供针对性改进建议.