珠江三角洲轻型汽油车匀速状态挥发性有机物排放特征研究

以18辆轻型汽油车(LDGVs)为研究对象,利用底盘测功机搭建挥发性有机物(VOCs)采样系统.利用气相色谱-质谱仪(GC-MS)和高效液相色谱(HPLC)识别了匀速25 km·h~(-1)时尾气VOCs化学成分谱和排放因子,并在分析时考虑了排放标准、行驶工况和车辆属性等因素的影响.结果表明,轻型汽油车低速匀速工况下尾气组成以烷烃(40.8%,C_5～C_7烷烃较多)为主,其次是芳香烃(29.5%)和含氧VOCs(26.0%),烯炔烃(3.6%)和卤代烃(0.1%)较少.其中,甲醛、异戊烷、甲苯、苯、间/对二甲苯、丙酮、2-甲基戊烷、正戊烷、1,2,4-三甲基苯和壬醛是比例最高的物质(52.01%).低速匀速行驶中生成了比例更低的烯烃和比例更高的C_5～C_7烷烃和OVOCs.排放标准为国III、IV和V的轻型汽油车在低速匀速工况下,VOCs排放因子分别为(50.12±46.83)、(40.26±31.15)和(3.25±0.65) mg·km~(-1).国IV到国V车的烷烃、烯炔烃、芳香烃、卤代烃和总VOCs降幅均超过88%,而OVOCs降幅只有约55%,说明OVOCs在国V车的排放富集程度更高.总体来讲,国V车排放的VOCs反应活性约为国IV车排放的VOCs反应活性的11%.车辆属性对VOCs排放的影响表现为:年份、里程和排量的增加会促进VOCs排放的整体增加,而基准质量对VOCs排放的影响相对较小.     

基于气候响应关系研究火干扰对兴安落叶松直径结构的 影响

以大兴安岭地区兴安落叶松（Larix gmelinii）为研究对象,分别选取1987年、2003年和2015年火干扰区域及其附近未受火干扰区域设置典型样地,基于树轮数据和调查数据重建历史直径结构,构建兴安落叶松树木生长与气候因子的相关关系,探讨气候变化背景下火干扰对兴安落叶松直径结构的影响。研究结果表明：（1）火干扰下兴安落叶松直径结构呈正偏,高峰态分布。中度火干扰恢复15年后则呈现负偏、峰度值下降的趋势,而重度火干扰恢复15年后仍处于正偏高峰态分布,但随后趋向负偏,低峰态分布。（2）火干扰改变了兴安落叶松直径生长与气候之间的响应关系,中度火干扰下兴安落叶松生长与上年冬季温度呈显著负相关（p＜0.05）,随着火干扰强度增加,降水的抑制作用增强,重度火干扰下兴安落叶松直径生长与当年生长季（5—8月）、上年生长季（7—9月）和上年冬季（11—12月）降水呈显著负相关关系（p＜0.05）。不同恢复期内树木生长-气候因子关系也有所差异。中度火干扰下兴安落叶松与生长季温度的关系由火干扰初期正相关转变为中期（恢复15年）负相关（p＜0.05）,与上年生长季降水的关系则转变为正相关关系（p＜0.05）;重度火干扰下兴安落叶松直径生长与上年冬季温度由恢复初期的负相关转变为后期（恢复31年）的正相关（p＜0.05）,与当年生长季降水转变为负相关（p＜0.05）。在未来气候变暖和火干扰事件增加的趋势下,兴安落叶松直径结构趋向负偏、高峰态分布。     

Numerical model to quantify biogenic volatile organic compound emissions: The Pearl River Delta region as a case study

This article compiles the actual knowledge of the biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions estimated using model methods in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, one of the most developed regions in China. The developed history of BVOC emission models is presented briefly and three typical emission models are introduced and compared. The results from local studies related to BVOC emissions have been summarized. Based on this analysis, it is recommended that local researchers conduct BVOC emission studies systematically, from the assessment of model inputs, to compiling regional emission inventories to quantifying the uncertainties and evaluating the model results. Beyond that, more basic researches should be conducted in the future to close the gaps in knowledge on BVOC emission mechanisms, to develop the emission models and to refine the inventory results. This paper can provide a perspective on these aspects in the broad field of research associated with BVOC emissions in the PRD region.     

镉胁迫对莴苣幼苗生长及抗氧化酶系统的影响

以笋王一号(Lactucasativa L. sativa var.Angustata Irish.cv Sunwang NO.1)为材料,通过营养液水培试验,研究了不同浓度的Cd胁迫对莴苣幼苗生长和抗氧化酶的影响.试验结果表明:10～100 μmol·L-1Cd2+对幼苗株高、根长、叶面积和叶数的增加具有明显的抑制作用,且随着浓度的增加抑制程度加重,但低浓度的Cd2+(1 μmol·L-1)却产生了一定的促进作用;幼苗根、叶中MDA含量和G-POD、叶中SOD活性随着Cd处理浓度的增加明显增加,但根中的SOD在100 μmol·L-1Cd胁迫下明显低于对照,同时,1 μmol·L-1Cd对根和叶片中的APX和CAT活性有一定的激活效应,以后随着Cd处理浓度的提高表现为抑制效应,且随着Cd浓度的增加抑制效应逐渐增强.     

镉对小麦根尖细胞的遗传损伤效应

为了研究重金属镉对小麦是否产生细胞毒性和遗传毒性效应,采用不同浓度镉对小麦根尖处理24、48、72 h,统计有丝分裂指数、微核率及染色体畸变率.结果表明,1 μmol·L-1镉可提高小麦根尖细胞有丝分裂指数,但随镉处理浓度的提高和处理时间的延长,有丝分裂指数逐步下降;4个时期相比,镉对有丝分裂前期和中期的影响较小.微核率随着镉处理浓度的提高而增加,但浓度过高时,微核率随着镉处理时间的延长反而有所降低.此外,染色体畸变率也逐步上升,且随镉浓度的增加和处理时间的延长,其作用效果急剧加大,呈现明显的剂量-效应、时间-效应关系.说明镉可引起小麦根尖细胞有丝分裂抑制和染色体损伤,具有明显的遗传毒性.     

Quantification of variability and uncertainty in air pollutant emission inventories: method and case study for utility NOx emissions

The quality of stationary source emission factors is typically described using data quality ratings, which provide no quantification of the precision of the emission factor for an average source, nor of the variability from one source to another within a category. Variability refers to actual differences caused by differences in feedstock composition, design, maintenance, and operation. Uncertainty refers to lack of knowledge regarding the true emissions. A general methodology for the quantification of variability and uncertainty in emission factors, activity factors, and emission inventories (EIs) is described, featuring the use of bootstrap simulation and related techniques. The methodology is demonstrated via a case study for a selected example of NOx emissions from coal-fired power plants. A prototype software tool was developed to implement the methodology. The range of interunit variability in selected activity and emission factors was shown to be as much as a factor of 4, and the range of uncertainty in mean emissions is shown to depend on the interunit variability and sample size. The uncertainty in the total inventory of -16 to +19% was attributed primarily to one technology group, suggesting priorities for collecting data and improving the inventory. The implications for decision-making are discussed.     

Catalytic ozonation treatment of papermaking wastewater by Ag-doped NiFe2O4: Performance and mechanism

The catalytic ozonation treatment of secondary biochemical effluent for papermaking wastewater by Ag-doped nickel ferrite was investigated. Ag-doped catalysts prepared by sol-gel method were characterized, illustrating that Ag entirely entered the crystalline of NiFe₂O₄ and changed the surface properties. The addition of catalyst enhanced the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand and total organic carbon. The results of gas chromatography-mass spectrometer, ultraviolet light absorbance at 254 nm and three-dimensional fluorescence excitation-emission matrix suggested that aromatic compounds were efficiently degraded and toxic substances, such as dibutyl phthalate. In addition, the radical scavenging experiments confirmed the hydroxyl radicals acted as the main reactive oxygen species and the surface properties of catalysts played an important role in the reaction. Overall, this work validated potential applications of Ag-doped NiFe₂O₄ catalyzed ozonation process of biologically recalcitrant wastewater.     

Characterization of VOC emissions from construction machinery and river ships in the Pearl River Delta of China

Speciated characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), including oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs), from construction machinery and river ships in China is currently lacking. In this regard, we conducted field measurement on speciated VOC (including OVOC) emissions from six construction machinery and five river ships in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region to identify VOC emission characteristics. We noticed that OVOC emissions from construction machinery and ships accounted for more than 50% of the total VOC emissions, followed by alkenes, aromatics and alkanes. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were the most emission species, accounting for 61.8%-83.2% of OVOCs. For construction machinery, the fuel-based emission factors of roller, grader and pile driver were 3.12, 3.12 and 7.36 g/kg, respectively. With the rigorous restraint by the national emission standards, VOC emissions of construction machinery had decreased considerably, especially during stage Ⅲ. Ozone formation potential was also significantly reduced due to the significant decrease in emissions of OVOCs and alkenes with higher reactivity. For river ships, the fuel-based emission factors of cargo ships and speedboat were 1.46 and 0.44 g/kg, respectively. VOC emissions from construction machinery and river ships in Guangdong Province in 2017 were 8851.0 and 4361.0 ton, respectively. This study filled the knowledge gaps of reactive gas emissions from different kinds of non-road mobile sources over the PRD, and more importantly, highlighted the necessity in adding OVOC measurement to give a complete and accurate depiction of reactive gas emissions from non-road mobile sources.     

Field trials to evaluate effects of continuously planted transgenic insect-resistant cottons on soil invertebrates

Impacts on soil invertebrates are an important aspect of environmental risk assessment and post-release monitoring of transgenic insect-resistant plants. The purpose of this study was to research and survey the effects of transgenic insect-resistant cottons that had been planted over 10 years on the abundance and community structure of soil invertebrates under field conditions. During 3 consecutive years (2006-2008), eight common taxa (orders) of soil invertebrates belonging to the phylum Arthropoda were investigated in two different transgenic cotton fields and one non-transgenic cotton field (control). Each year, soil samples were taken at four different growth stages of cotton (seedling, budding, boll forming and boll opening). Animals were extracted from the samples using the improved Tullgren method, counted and determined to the order level. The diversity of the soil fauna communities in the different fields was compared using the Simpson's, Shannon's diversity indices and evenness index. The results showed a significant sampling time variation in the abundance of soil invertebrates monitored in the different fields. However, no difference in soil invertebrate abundance was found between the transgenic cotton fields and the control field. Both sampling time and cotton treatment had a significant effect on the Simpson's, Shannon's diversity indices and evenness index. They were higher in the transgenic fields than the control field at the growth stages of cotton. Long-term cultivation of transgenic insect-resistant cottons had no significant effect on the abundance of soil invertebrates. Collembola, Acarina and Araneae could act as the indicators of soil invertebrate in this region to monitor the environmental impacts of transgenic plants in the future.