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31.
Hiroyasu Yamazaki Hiroto Kumahashi Noriko Masuda Takeo Kishi Yasuo Kakiuchi Kazuhito Watabe Masaomi Kondo 《Chemosphere》1982,11(3):337-347
Orally administered 3H-benzo(a)pyrene (BP) was concentrated in liver, kidney and lung of rat. Liver contained BP-diols, BP-quinones and 3-hydroxy-BP, and extremely high amounts of BP-quinones and unmetabolized BP were found in lung until after 7 hr of administration. In kidney, BP-quinones and BP-diols were major metabolites, but not BP or 3-hydroxy-BP. Low level of metabolites as conjugates with glucuronate and more polar compounds were also detected in kidney. These results suggested that an orally administered BP was metabolized to BP-diols and 3-hydroxy-BP mainly in liver, to BP-quinones mainly in lung, and to BP-diols and glucuronides or more polar compounds mainly in kidney. 相似文献
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Mass food poisoning incidents, called Yusho and Yu-Cheng, were caused by the ingestion of rice oils which had been contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated quaterphenyls (PCQs). This paper reviews the formation of toxic PCDFs in the rice oil from PCBs, intakes of PCBs, PCDFs and PCQs by the patients and the behavior of PCBs, PCDFs and PCQs in the human body. 相似文献
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36.
Masaki Takaoka Nobuo Takeda Naruo Yamagata Takahiro Masuda 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2011,13(3):198-205
We discuss the current status of waste to power generation (WPG) in Japan and various scenarios involving indirect reduction
of carbon dioxide emissions by WPG. The number of WPG facilities domestically as of 2005 was 286. Power generation capacity
attained 1,515 MW and power generation 7,050 GWh/year. This amount substitutes energy otherwise acquired from natural resources
such as fossil fuels in thermal power plants. If the basic unit of carbon dioxide is 0.555 kg-CO2/kWh, then the corresponding carbon dioxide emission reduction is calculated to be 3.9 million tons, equivalent to 26.7% of
the 14.6 million tons emitted by municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWI) in 2005. Using various existing technological options,
the power generation efficiency could reach more than 20% in MSWI facilities with capacity of 300 tons/day, although present
efficiency is only 12.0%. If about 85% of MSW were incinerated in MSWI with power generation efficiency of 20% as a feasible
assumption, the total power generation and the corresponding carbon dioxide reduction would be 16,540 GWh/year and 9.18 million
tons, respectively, equivalent to 62.7% of the carbon dioxide emitted by MSWI. Also, the ratio of the additional reduction
of carbon dioxide emissions by WPG to the total additional reduction (20,000 ktons/year) in Japan during the first commitment
period would be 26.3%, suggesting that promotion of WPG in MSWI is an effective option for prevention of global warming. 相似文献
37.
Brandie Fariss Nicole DeMello Kathryn A. Powlen Christopher E. Latimer Yuta Masuda Christina M. Kennedy 《Conservation biology》2023,37(1):e13973
Efforts to devolve rights and engage Indigenous Peoples and local communities in conservation have increased the demand for evidence of the efficacy of community-based conservation (CBC) and insights into what enables its success. We examined the human well-being and environmental outcomes of a diverse set of 128 CBC projects. Over 80% of CBC projects had some positive human well-being or environmental outcomes, although just 32% achieved positive outcomes for both (i.e., combined success). We coded 57 total national-, community-, and project-level variables and controls from this set, performed random forest classification to identify the variables most important to combined success, and calculated accumulated local effects to describe their individual influence on the probability of achieving it. The best predictors of combined success were 17 variables suggestive of various recommendations and opportunities for conservation practitioners related to national contexts, community characteristics, and the implementation of various strategies and interventions informed by existing CBC frameworks. Specifically, CBC projects had higher probabilities of combined success when they occurred in national contexts supportive of local governance, confronted challenges to collective action, promoted economic diversification, and invested in various capacity-building efforts. Our results provide important insights into how to encourage greater success in CBC. 相似文献
38.
Adaptation of solitary corals, Fungia repanda and F. echinata, and their zooxanthellae to low light and ultraviolet light B (UV-B) was studied with respect to changes in their protein contents, photosynthetic pigment contents and the photosynthesis-irradiance (P-I) curves. The corals were collected from 1 to 50 m depths in the Republic of Belau (Paulau) in 1990 and 1991. The chlorophyll a content in a unit surface area of the coral did not change significantly with the depth of the habitat, whereas cellular chlorophyll a in the algae increased with the depth. Zooxanthellae density and protein content in a unit surface area of Fungia spp. decreased with the depth. Photosynthetic parameters normalized by a unit surface area of the Fungia spp., maximum gross photosynthetic rate (P
gmax area-1) and dark respiration rate (R area-1), were negatively correlated with the depth, while initial slope of the P-I curve () did not show significant correlation with the depth. Compensation light intensity (Ic) decreased with the depth. In isolated zooxanthellae, P
max chl a
-1, and R chl a
-1 decreased with the depth, while chl a was constant. P
gmax cell-1 and R cell-1 did not change significantly but cell increased with the depth. Ic decreased with the depth as in the intact corals. Reduction of protein content in a unit area of the coral from deeper habitat implies decrease of host animal tissues. Reduction of Ic can be explained by decrease of R area-1, which may be due to the diminution of animal tissues. The photoadaptational response to low light intensity of intact Fungia spp. was found to be a combination of the photoadaptation of symbiotic algae and the decrease of host animal tissue. In order to study their adaptation to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, P-I curves of Fungia spp. and isolated zooxanthellae were analyzed before and after UV-B irradiation. 1 h UV-B irradiation showed no effect on the photosynthetic rate of the shallow water (1 m) corals, while it inhibited the photosynthesis of the deep water (30 m) corals and zooxanthellae isolated from both shallow and deep water corals. These results indicate that the host, Fungia spp., in shallow water have protective mechanism for intense UV-B in their habitat. These photoadaptational mechanisms seem to allow the Fungia spp. to have wide vertical distribution where light intensity spans more than two orders of magnitude. 相似文献
39.
Jun Yamamoto Tsuyoshi Shimura Ryosuke Uji Shinya Masuda Shuyo Watanabe Yasunori Sakurai 《Marine Biology》2007,153(1):7-13
The diel vertical distribution patterns of Japanese common squid, Todarodes pacificus, paralarvae were examined using a Multiple Opening Closing Net and Environmental Sensing System (MOCNESS) in the southwest
Sea of Japan near the Oki Islands (Japan) during five late-autumn surveys in 1998–2002. A total of 1,511 paralarvae ranging
in mantle length (ML) from 0.7 to 7.3 mm were collected at 63 of the 68 stations surveyed. Most (84%) were collected above
75 m depth and in the mixed layer. The vertical distribution patterns varied little between day and night. Hatchling-sized
(<1.0 mm ML) paralarvae were abundant at 0–25 m depth, and paralarval ML increased with increasing sampling depth. Our results
suggest that T. pacificus paralarvae do not exhibit large diel vertical migration patterns, but as they increase in size, paralarvae gradually descend
in the water column and the variability in depth increases with ontogeny. 相似文献
40.
Shinsuke Tanabe Narayanan Kannan Tadaaki Wakimoto Ryo Tatsukawa Taku Okamoto Yoshito Masuda 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(4):215-231
In the light of new discoveries on the extremely toxic non‐ortho coplanar 3,3’,4,4'‐tetra‐ (T4CB), 3,3’,4,4’,5‐penta‐(P5CB) and 3,3'4,4’,5,5'‐hexachlorobiphenyl (H6CB) and their mono‐ and di‐ortho analogs, tissue samples of a Yusho poisoning victim and Yusho causal oils were subjected to a thorough congener/isomer‐specific investigation for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins (PCDDs). Among the many PCB congeners detected in Yusho oil, non‐ortho coplanar T4CB constituted 3.1%, P5CB‐0.17% and H6CB‐0.0072% in total PCBs. Their concentrations in liver and adipose tissue were 130–700 (T4CB), 54–720 (P5CB) and 50–380 (H6CB) pg/g on wet weight basis. The observed concentrations in adipose tissue were two to four fold higher than that detected in unexposed individuals. Among the PCDFs identified, toxic 2,3,7,8‐substituted isomers including 2,3,4,7,8‐P5CDF were the dominant ones. Tetra‐ through hepta‐CDDs were detected in the oil, whereas octa‐CDD was the dominant isomer in the patient. A comparison with KC‐400 revealed enrichment of coplanar PCBs in Yusho oil along with toxic PCDFs. Enrichment was highest for 3,3'4,4'5,5'‐H6CB followed by 3,3’,4,4'5‐P5CB. A comparative toxic evaluation of these chemical groups in Yusho patient's adipose tissue based on “2,3,7,8‐T4CDD Toxic Equivalent Analysis” revealed accountable toxic contribution from coplanar PCBs. This analysis also confirmed that 2,3,4,7,8‐P5CDF was the principal causative agent in Yusho poisoning. 相似文献