TEOM法与实验室称重法监测大气中TSP的对比研究

用数理统计的方法计算出TEOM法与称重法监测结果的偏差,用F检验法检验TEOM法与称重法监测结果之间的致性,用r检测法检验TEOM法与称重法监测结果之间的相关性,用t检验法检验TEOM法与称重法监测结果之间的差异,通过对比研究,找出TEOM法与称重法之间的相互关系和规律。     

2015—2019年保定市O3变化及其周边源区分析

利用保定市2015—2019年近地面O₃和气象观测数据,统计分析了该地区O₃变化特征及其与地面气温、相对湿度、风速和风向的关系,并确定了O₃的周边源区.结果表明,2015—2019年保定市O₃污染呈加重趋势,O₃污染超标天数从2015年的63 d增加至2019年的95 d.由于秋冬季昼夜温差较大,导致其O₃日变化相对扰动高于春夏季节.O₃浓度与近地面气温呈非线性正相关关系,随相对湿度(RH)的增加呈阶段性的先增后减的变化趋势,其中当RH为40%～50%时,O₃浓度及其污染超标率均达到最大.此外,风场对O₃分布有重要影响,盛行偏南风时易发生O₃重污染,表明影响该地区O₃污染源区主要位于保定南部.潜在源贡献因子分析方法(PSCF)和浓度权重轨迹分析法(CWT)的分析结果表明,保定市春夏O₃源区分布范围最大,其中贡献高值区主要分布在...     

Modelling the Balance of Metals in the Amended Soil for the Case of ‘Atmosphere–Plant–Soil’ System

Changing the concepts of economic development and introducing new amendments can hardly decrease the accumulation in the soil of such pollutants as metals, remaining there for a long time. The predictive models for describing the balance of metals in the soil, which are based on the ‘atmosphere–plant–soil’ system and reflect the complicated physical–chemical nature of the metals’ migration, expressed by coefficients obtained in long-term observations in natural conditions, allow for evaluating long-term concentration of metals in the soil. The model BALANS evaluates self-purification of soil, taking into account the uptake of metals of aerogenic origin by the soil together with amendments, their physical–chemical migration and the type of microrelief determining its intensity as well as the absorbed biomass of plants and the removal of metals with crops. In this model, the half-period of metals’ washing out from the soil, found for the microrelief characteristic of low places, exceeds 200 years for Ni, Cr and Pb and makes 90 and 150 years for Zn and Cu, respectively.     

The Role of Wind in Modeling of Oil Pollution Transport and Diffusion in the Persian Gulf

The Persian Gulf ecosystem is facing a variety of stresses as a result of being located within the richest oil province in the world, which hosts more than 67 % of the world oil reserve. In this paper, the distribution of oil pollution on the surface layer of the Persian Gulf is predicted for the different months after the release, based on the Coupled Hydrodynamical Ecological model for Regional Shelf seas (COHERENS). An Eulerian model for the Persian Gulf is set up using the Cartesian coordinate in the horizontal direction, and the sigma coordinate in the vertical direction. Based on this model, our analysis and simulation results indicate that the winds lead to diffusion of the contaminant concentration in the direction of the Arabian coast from the initial position of the spill. The results of this study can be used to provide appropriate solutions for preventing oil from spreading further in the region.     

An Integrated Assessment by Models for Energy Systems Analysis and Life-Cycle Assessment with a Case Study of Advanced Fossil-Fired Power Plants in China

We developed an integrated assessment (IA) using models for energy systems analysis and life-cycle assessment (LCA). Based on this assessment framework, we developed cost-benefit analysis (CBA) case studies for a hypothetical project designed to introduce advanced fossil-fired power generation technologies in China. Our MARKAL model for Japan confirmed that radical reductions (i.e., 80 % by 2050) of carbon dioxide (CO₂) could be attained from energy systems alone and that credit for emission allowances was required. We evaluated life-cycle costs and emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur oxide, and nitrogen oxide gases for the energy technologies using an LCA model. Further, we applied a power generation planning model for six Chinese grids to provide a power mix structure, potentially producing credit by installing fossil-fired power generation technology and by using baseline grid emission factors with an average cost of electricity. Finally, by using dynamic emission reductions and additional costs from the two models, we conducted case studies of CBA for a hypothetical project to install the technologies in China. This was accomplished by evaluating emission reductions in monetary terms and by applying a life-cycle impact assessment model. A unique feature of our IA is its dynamic (time-varying) assessment of costs and benefits.     

Emission-based static traffic assignment models

Tailpipe emissions in the road transportation system are a major source of air pollution and greenhouse gases. One of the possible approaches is to influence drivers’ routing decisions such that the emissions and fuel consumption is minimized. In order to evaluate such condition, we develop environmental traffic assignment (E-TA) models based on user equilibrium (UE) and system optimal (SO) behavioral principles. Extending the traditional travel time-based UE and SO principles to E-TA is not straightforward because, unlike travel time, the rate of emissions increases with the increase in vehicle speed beyond a certain point. The results of various TA models show a network-wide traffic control strategy in which vehicles are routed according to SO-based E-TA, can reduce system-wide emissions. However, a system in which drivers make routing decisions to minimize their own emissions (E-UE system) results in a paradoxical situation of increased individual as well as system-wide emissions.     

Valuing Flood Risk Reductions

A choice experiment is used to estimate how Vietnamese households value a flood risk reduction. The empirical analysis is conducted on a sample of households located in the Nghe An Province, one of the provinces which is the most affected by floods in Vietnam. The results reveal that there is a high level of heterogeneity in preferences across households. We compute the willingness to pay (WTP) for a flood risk reduction, and we identify how it relates to different attributes of flood management policies (reduction of economic losses, reduction of human losses, political level in charge of implementing the flood management policy). In particular, the marginal WTP for reducing the flood fatality rate, which can be interpreted as the value of statistical life (VSL), varies from 2 517 million VND (approximately 120,818 USD) to 3 590 million VND (approximately 172,323 USD) depending on the model considered. The VSL represents between 77 and 111 times the annual household average income in our sample, a result in line with previous estimates in similar countries.     

长三角城市群污染输送相互影响的敏感性试验

利用WRF-Chem模式,对2013年11月29日至12月11日长江三角洲地区的严重空气污染事件进行数值模拟,研究长三角核心区不同污染物本地源和外来输送所占比重。分析长三角核心区排放源对本地不同污染物浓度的污染贡献。结果表明,在2013年12月的这一次污染事件中,颗粒物平均本地贡献与外来输送基本比重相当;而SO_2、CO、NH_3、NO_x这4种气体污染物则以本地贡献为主,本地贡献的差异与气体的化学反应活性有关,活性越强本地贡献比重越大。污染过程中12月7日至12月9日00:00为污染最严重的时段,污染物的本地贡献有明显上升。区域间输送的方向和强度与地面风向、风速有紧密的联系。在边界层高度范围内,大部分污染物越往高空本地排放源的贡献越弱,外来输送主导作用增强,而硝酸盐在地面、1 km和1.5 km的本地贡献差异远小于其他污染物。     

Diversity of crude oil-degrading bacteria and alkane hydroxylase (<Emphasis Type="Italic">alkB</Emphasis>) genes from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The aim of this study was to survey the response of the microbial community to crude oil and the diversity of alkane hydroxylase (alkB) genes in soil samples from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). The enrichment cultures and clone libraries were used. Finally, 53 isolates and 94 alkB sequences were obtained from 10 pristine soil samples after enrichment at 10 °C with crude oil as sole carbon source. The isolates fell into the phyla Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes, with the dominance of Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter. The composition of degraders was different from polar habitats where Acinetobacter sp. is not a predominant responder of alkane degradative microbial communities. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the alkB genes from isolates and enrichment communities formed eight clusters and mainly related with alkB genes of Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, and Acinetobacter. The alkB gene diversity in the QTP was lower than marine environments and polar soil samples. In particular, a total of 10 isolates exhibiting vigorous growth with crude oil could detect no crude oil degradation-related gene sequences, such as alkB, P450, almA, ndoB, and xylE genes. The Shannon-Wiener index of the alkB clone libraries from the QTP ranged from 1.00 to 2.24 which is similar with polar pristine soil samples but lower than that of contaminated soils. These results indicated that the Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Rhodococcus genera are the candidate for in situ bioremediation, and the environment of QTP may be still relatively uncontaminated by crude oil.     

Spatial distribution and concentration of sulfur in relation to vegetation cover and soil properties on a reclaimed sulfur mine site (Southern Poland)

This work aims to assess the spatial distribution and concentration of sulfur in the topsoil layer and to determine the relationships between sulfur concentration, soil pH, soil electrical conductivity, and plant cover at the reforested site of the former sulfur mine (Southern Poland). Soil samples were collected from 0 to 20 cm (topsoil) from a total of 86 sampling points in a regular square grid with sides of 150 m. Plant cover was assayed in circular plots with an area of 100 m², divided into a woody plant layer and herbaceous plant layer. Soil properties such as particle size distribution, pH in KCl and H₂O, soil electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (N_T), and total sulfur (S_T) were determined. The degree of soil contamination with sulfur was assessed based on the guidelines of the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation (IUNG), Poland. The results indicate that remediation and application of lime were not fully effective in spatial variation, because 33 points with sulfur contamination above 500 mg kg^?1 were observed. These spots occurred irregularly in the topsoil horizons. This high sulfur concentration in the soil did not result in severe acidification (below 4.5) in all cases, most likely due to neutralization from the application of high doses of flotation lime. High vegetative cover occurred at some points with high soil sulfur concentrations, with two points having S concentration above 40,000 mg kg^?1 and tree cover about 60%. Numerous points with high soil EC above 1500 μS cm^?1 as well as limited vegetation and high soil sulfur concentrations, however, indicate that the reclamation to forest is still not completely successful.