Regression-type estimators for adaptive two-stage sequential sampling

Adaptive two-stage sequential sampling (ATSSS) design was developed to observe more rare units and gain higher efficiency, in the sense of having a smaller variance estimator, than conventional sampling designs with equal effort for rare and spatially cluster populations. For certain rare populations, incorporating auxiliary variables into a sampling design can further improve the observation of rare units and increase efficiency. In this article, we develop regression-type estimators for ATSSS so that auxiliary variables can be incorporated into the ATSSS design when warranted. Simulation studies on two populations show that the regression-type estimators can significantly increase the efficiency of ATSSS and the detection of more rare units as compared to conventional sampling counterparts. Simulation of sampling of desert shrubs in Inner Mongolia (one of the two populations studied) showed that by incorporating a GIS auxiliary variable into ATSSS with the regression estimators resulted in a gain in efficiency over ATSSS without the auxiliary variable. Further, we found that the use of the GIS auxiliary variable in a conventional two-stage design with a regression estimator did not show a gain in efficiency.     

冻融作用对土壤磷素迁移转化影响研究进展

磷素是生态系统中重要的生源要素之一,其在土壤中的丰缺变化制约着植物的生长状况,寒冷地区土壤的结构与理化性质常年受到冻结和融化的周期性影响,而冻融作用又强烈的影响着土壤磷的迁移转化途径,磷的生物地球化学行为是生态系统初级生产力的决定因素之一。系统的归纳分析了近年来国内外关于土壤吸附作用、土壤含水率以及土壤生物对磷素迁移转化过程影响的研究报道,主要研究结论认为：（1）冻融循环导致土壤颗粒粒径变小以及铁铝化合物形态改变,进而影响了磷在冻融土壤上的吸附行为;（2）土壤水在冻融作用下的固液相转换改变了土壤浸提液中磷的含量,而土壤含水率的高低与磷在土壤中的汇聚和释放存在密切关系;（3）土壤微生物和植物体内的磷在冻融过程中成为土壤中有机磷的主要来源之一。众多研究结果显示,同一制约因素在冻融作用驱动下对土壤磷的影响效果各不相同,这是因为冻融过程中土壤成分、水分含量、冻融时间、循环次数、植被类型和微生物状况等条件共同影响着磷的迁移转化行为,众多相互关联的因子产生的综合效应导致磷在冻融土壤中的迁移转化行为各异。总结分析当前的研究成果,提出冻融作用对土壤磷的影响应在土壤景观尺度、研究方法和手段、预防和治理措施方面进行深入的研究和探索。     

金银花根围AM真菌多样性的季节性变化研究

为了探明金银花根围AM真菌季节性变化规律及其影响因素,2011年3月、6月、9月和12月在河北省安国市中药材基地分0-10、10-20和20-30 cm 3个土层采集金银花(Lonicera japonica)根围土壤,应用PCR-DGGE技术研究AM真菌多样性季节变化规律及其与土壤因子相关性。4个季节共分离出15种AM真菌分子种,AM真菌丰富度、香农-威纳指数和均匀度从春季到冬季先降后升,夏季最低。土壤采样深度对AM真菌多样性有显著影响,随土层加深AM真菌多样性指数降低。聚类分析表明,不同季节AM真菌群落组成差异显著,但总体来说冬季和春季群落结构相似,夏季和秋季相似。主成分和相关性分析表明,丰富度和香农-威纳指数与土壤速效P和全N显著正相关,与pH显著负相关,辛普森多样性指数与土壤全N显著正相关,与pH显著负相关,其中全N影响最大,随全N含量升高,AM真菌丰富度、多样性指数先升后降。说明金银花根围AM真菌多样性具有明显的季节性变化规律,这种变化与土壤因子密切相关,这为深入了解AM真菌、宿主植物和土壤环境之间关系,利用菌根生物技术提高金银花产量和品质提供了依据。     

太湖水体中5种有机磷农药混合物生态风险评价

有机磷农药是一类广泛分布于我国水环境中的污染物,即使在水体中的污染水平处于规定“安全标准”之下,其联合暴露产生的风险仍有可能威胁水生生态安全。采用基于浓度加和模型与生物敏感度分布曲线的混合物风险商法,评价了太湖水体中敌敌畏、对硫磷、甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷和乐果5种有机磷农药混合物产生的生态风险。结果表明：2003～2004年期间3个不同时期太湖水体中5种有机磷农药的混合物生态风险商(RQ_m )均大于1,有机磷农药混合物在2003～2004年期间对太湖水生生物构成了一定威胁。     

The effect of preparation conditions of Pt/Al2O3 on its catalytic performance for the H2-SCR in the presence of oxygen

Selective catalytic reduction of NO _x by H₂ in the presence of oxygen has been investigated over Pt/ Al₂O₃ catalysts pre-treated under different conditions. Catalyst preparation conditions exert significant influence on the catalytic performance, and the catalyst pre-treated by H₂ or H₂ then followed by O₂ is much more active than that pre-treated by air. The higher surface area and the presence of metallic Pt over Pt/Al₂O₃ pre-treated by H₂ or pretreated by H₂ then followed by O₂ can contribute to the formation of NO₂, which then promotes the reaction to proceed at low temperatures.     

Removal of sulfadiazine from aqueous solution on kaolinite

The adsorption of sulfadiazine onto kaolinite clay as an alternative adsorbent was examined in aqueous solution, hnpacts of the contact time, pH, temperature, ionic strength and coexistent surfactants on the adsorption process were evaluated. The pH significantly influenced the adsorption process, with adsorption being promoted at lower pH due to the cation exchange mechanism. Decreasing ionic strength in the solution was favorable for adsorption, and the addition of cationic and anionic surfactants had negative effects on the adsorption capacity of sulfadiazine on kaolinite. Kinetic experiments showed that the adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order model. The equilibrium adsorption was well described by both Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich （DR） models. According to the DR model, the adsorption mechanism was determined by cationic exchange and weak physical forces. The thermodynamic study showed that sulfadiazine adsorption onto kaolinite was a sponta- neous and endothermic reaction.     

银川东750kV换流站隔离开关控制回路改进

ZCW-363型户外高压隔离开关在电网中应用广泛,但该型隔离开关采用交直流混合控制回路,在银川东750 kV换流站应用中存在误动作的重大隐患。针对此问题,通过对该控制回路进行分析,提出在控制回路中加装电气继电器的改进措施。应用结果表明:改造实现了交流回路与直流回路完全隔离,控制回路优化后隔离开关运行良好,保证了高压电网可靠、安全地运行。     

西夏热电厂锅炉燃烧器改造

针对宁夏电力投资公司西夏热电有限公司1号、2号号锅炉结焦严重及热效率低的问题,进行全面分析,找出问题的原因,提出了燃烧器改造方案。结果表明:燃烧器改造解决了锅炉的结焦问题,同时提高了锅炉热效率,保证了锅炉安全、可靠、经济运行。     

Visual MODFLOW在露天矿地下水模拟中的应用

用Visual MODFLOW建立了某露天矿地下水数值模型,运用其跟踪模拟(MODPATH)子模块及溶质运移模拟(MT3D)子模块对该露天矿地下水的水质点示踪和三维污染羽进行了模拟,模拟结果有助于识别该矿露天开采对地下水污染的污染源及污染途径,为预测露天矿开采期间地下水位及水质的变化,采用的监测与预保护措施提供了决策依据。     

气浮-复合好氧反应器-BAF处理屠宰废水

活禽屠宰及禽肉加工生产废水有机物和悬浮颗粒物含量较高,可生化性较好。采用气浮-复合好氧反应器-BAF组合工艺处理该废水,运行结果表明:该工艺处理效果稳定,出水水质中COD、BOD5、SS、动植物油、NH3-N的平均浓度分别为50,11,30,10和2 mg/L,水质达到GB 13457—1992《肉类加工工业水污染物排放标准》(禽类屠宰加工)中的一级排放标准。