N. europaea/Nc. mobilis谱系在垃圾渗滤液处理中的脱氨贡献

为了解垃圾渗滤液处理系统中菌群结构与脱氨效果的关系,采用16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术分析了15个实际垃圾渗滤液处理系统中的自养氨氧化细菌（AOB）的群落结构,监测了其中1个处理系统中的AOB群落结构的周年变化,并采集实际垃圾渗滤液开展了为期45d的模拟试验.结果表明,Nitrosomonas属是垃圾渗滤液处理系统中的优势自养氨氧化细菌,其相对丰度与脱氨活性呈显著正相关（P<0.05）.在此菌属中,N.europaea、N.eutropha和N.halophila的相对丰度与脱氨活性显著正相关（P<0.05）,这3种菌在系统发育上同属于N.europaea/Nitrosococcus mobilis谱系,说明该谱系是实际垃圾渗沥液处理系统中的优势AOB类群,并对垃圾渗滤液脱氨有重要贡献.     

EGSB-CANON工艺启动及动力学特性

采用EGSB（Expanded Granular Sludge Bed）反应器,在启动全程自养脱氮（CANON）工艺中通过改变曝气方式以及优化曝气/非曝气逐步实现CANON工艺的稳定运行.通过研究不同曝气/非曝气条件下CANON工艺的脱氮性能的变化,探究系统内不同污泥粒径中功能菌的活性,揭示EGSB反应器不同的运行条件以及系统内不同粒径的微生物聚集体在CANON工艺启动过程中的影响机制与菌群结构特性.结果表明,当恒定曝气量为0.5L/min,曝气/非曝气为2：1（60min：30min）时,实现了AerAOB（Aerobic Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria）与AnAOB（Anaerobic Ammonium-Oxidation Bacteria）协同脱氮的目的,并成功将NOB（Nitrite-Oxidizing Bacteria）的活性由3.41mgN/（h·gVSS）抑制到0.75mgN/（h·gVSS）.在对AnAOB的双底物（NO₂^--N和NH₄⁺-N）抑制动力学结果进行Haldane拟合时,得到NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N的半饱和常数（k_s）、抑制动力学常数（k_h）分别为106.8,331.9mg/L,272.4,66.61mg/L,相关性系数（R²）分别为0.98133和0.99142.在CANON污泥颗粒化形成过程中,污泥粒径在0.154~0.335mm范围内主要以AerAOB为主,污泥粒径在1mm以上主要以AnAOB为主.不同粒径下微生物聚集体的协同作用以及稳定的群落结构实现了CANON工艺的稳定运行.     

路边微环境PM2.5化学组分特征及来源解析

采集并分析了武汉市机动车尾气源PM_2.5样品,并于2019年10月18~27日采集了武汉市不同路边微环境（市区路边、环线路边、环境背景点）PM_2.5样品并分析其化学组分特征,利用化学质量平衡模型（CMB）解析评估了机动车尾气对城市不同路边微环境PM_2.5的贡献.结果表明,机动车尾气成分谱以OC和EC为主,汽油车OC质量分数约为柴油车的1.14倍,柴油车EC质量分数是汽油车的1.08倍.路边碳组分主要来源于机动车尾气,其中OC浓度在市区路边最高,EC浓度在环线路边最高;市区路边NO₃^-和NH₄⁺浓度较高,与二次转化有关;环线路边Fe、Si、Al质量浓度高于市区路边.CMB来源解析结果显示,机动车尾气源是环线路边、市区路边微环境的主要来源,分担率为35.20%和38.89%,是环境背景点的2倍左右.不同路边微环境污染源贡献差异明显,与环线路边相比,市区路边机动车尾气源与二次来源均相对较高,而扬尘源贡献低于环线路边.     

Efficient degradation of Rhodamine B by magnetically recoverable Fe3O4-modified ternary CoFeCu-layered double hydroxides via activating peroxymonosulfate

Environment-friendly nano-catalysts capable of activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) have received increasing attention recently. Nevertheless, traditional nano-catalysts are generally well dispersed and difficult to be separated from reaction system, so it is particularly important to develop nano-catalysts with both good catalytic activity and excellent recycling efficiency. In this work, magnetically recoverable Fe₃O₄-modified ternary CoFeCu-layered double hydroxides (Fe₃O₄/CoFeCu-LDHs) was prepared by a simple co-precipitation method and initially applied to activate PMS for the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB). X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method (BET), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) were applied to characterize morphology, structure, specific surface area and magnetism. In addition, the effects of several key parameters were evaluated. The Fe₃O₄/CoFeCu-LDHs exhibited high catalytic activity, and RhB degradation efficiency could reach 100% within 20 min by adding 0.2 g/L of catalyst and 1 mmol/L of PMS into 50 mg/L of RhB solution under a wide pH condition (3.0-7.0). Notably, the Fe₃O₄/CoFeCu-LDHs showed good super-paramagnetism and excellent stability, which could be effectively and quickly recovered under magnetic condition, and the degradation efficiency after ten cycles could still maintain 98.95%. Both radicals quenching tests and electron spin resonance (ESR) identified both HO? and SO₄^?? were involved and SO₄^?? played a dominant role on the RhB degradation. Finally, the chemical states of the sample's surface elements were measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the possible activation mechanism in Fe₃O₄/CoFeCu-LDHs/PMS system was proposed according to comprehensive analysis.     

Aging of PVDF and PES ultrafiltration membranes by sodium hypochlorite: Effect of solution pH

Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) is a commonly applied cleaning agent for ultrafiltration membranes in water and wastewater treatment. Long-term exposure to NaClO might change the properties and performance of polymeric membranes, and ultimately shorten membrane lifespan. Active species in NaClO solution vary with solution pH, and the aging effects can change depending on the membrane material. In this study, the aging of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polyethersulfone (PES) membranes by NaClO at pH 3–11 was investigated by examining variations in chemical composition, surface charge, surface morphology, mechanical strength, permeability, and retention ability. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), which was blended in both membranes, was oxidized and dislodged due to NaClO aging at all investigated pH values, but the oxidation products and dislodgement ratio of PVP varied with solution pH. For the PVDF membrane, NaClO aging at pH 3–11 caused a moderate increase in permeability and decreased retention due to the oxidation and release of PVP. The tensile strength decreased only at pH 11 because of the defluorination of PVDF molecules. For the PES membrane, NaClO aging at all investigated pH resulted in chain scission of PES molecules, which was favored at pH 7 and 9, potentially due to the formation of free radicals. Therefore, a decrease in tensile strength and retention ability, as well as an increase in permeability, occurred in the PES membrane for NaClO aging at pH 3–11. Overall, the results can provide a basis for selecting chemical cleaning conditions for PVDF and PES membranes.     

Distribution and source of microplastics in China's second largest reservoir - Danjiangkou Reservoir

Fresh water microplastic pollution is of pressing concern globally, but its distribution and sources in reservoirs are poorly documented. Danjiangkou Reservoir is the second largest reservoir in China and is divided into the Han Reservoir and Dan Reservoir. In this work, microplastic abundances and morphological characteristics of the reservoir were investigated. The microplastic abundance of 15 main tributaries of the reservoir was also measured. The vertical distribution (in water column and sediment), horizontal distribution (in Han Reservoir and Dan Reservoir) and source of microplastics were analyzed. Microplastics accumulated in the middle layer of the reservoir, and the size and color of the microplastic particles changed from the surface to the bottom, which implies that surveys of surface water are not enough to determine the microplastic contamination for deep water reservoirs. In the surface water, the microplastic abundance in the Han Reservoir was lower than that in the Dan Reservoir (p < 0.05), but microplastic abundance did not differ significantly in the intermediate and bottom water. Tributaries were one of the main sources of microplastics for Han Reservoir but not for Dan Reservoir. Agricultural cultivation in the hydro-fluctuation belt might be an important source of microplastics in the Dan Reservoir, which should be given additional attention. The results of this study can provide valuable information for developing microplastic sampling strategies in deep water reservoirs. Further studies are recommended to investigate the process through which microplastics in the hydro-fluctuation belt enter the reservoir and the sinking behavior of microplastics in the reservoir.     

Isolation and characterization of a strain with high microbial attachment in aerobic granular sludge

Aerobic granule is a special microbial aggregate associated with biofilm structure. The formation of aerobic granular sludge is primarily depending on its bacterial community and relevant microbiological properties. In this experiment, a strain with high microbial attachment was isolated from aerobic granular sludge, and the detailed characteristics were examined. Its high attachment ability could reach 2.34 (OD_600nm), while other low attachment values were only around 0.06-0.32, which indicated a big variation among the different bacteria. The strain exhibited a very special morphology with many fibric fingers under SEM observation. A distinctive behaviour was to form a spherical particle by themselves, which would be very beneficial for the formation and development of granular sludge. The EPS measurement showed that its PN content was higher than low attachment bacteria, and 3D-EEM confirmed that there were some different components. Based on the 16S rRNA analysis, it was identified to mostly belong to Stenotrophomonas. Its augmentation to particle sludge cultivation demonstrated that the strain could significantly promote the formation of aerobic granule. Conclusively, it was strongly suggested that it might be used as a good and potential model strain or chassis organism for the aerobic granular sludge formation and development.     

优化施肥模式对我国热带地区水稻-豇豆轮作系统N2O和CH4排放的影响

选择海南典型的水稻-豇豆轮作系统进行氧化亚氮(N_2O)和甲烷(CH_4)排放的原位监测,探究不同施肥模式下该系统土壤温室气体排放特征.试验设当地常规施肥对照(CON)、优化施肥量(OPT)、有机无机配施(ORG)、缓控肥替代优化(SCOPT)及不施氮对照(CK)共5个处理,采用静态箱-气相色谱法监测整个种植季土壤N_2O和CH_4排放,并估算增温潜势(GWP)和温室气体排放强度(GHGI).结果表明,各处理水稻季N_2O累积排放量为0. 19～1. 37 kg·hm~(-2),相较于CON处理,优化施肥处理N_2O减排50%～86%;豇豆季N_2O累积排放量为1. 29～3. 55 kg·hm~(-2),除ORG增加14%,其他处理减排16%～59%.各处理水稻季CH_4累积排放量为4. 67～14. 23 kg·hm~(-2),CK、OPT和ORG处理分别较CON增加116%、22%和102%,而SCOPT减少了29%;豇豆季CH_4累积排放量为0. 03～0. 26 kg·hm~(-2),期间出现CH_4吸收.比较两个作物季和休闲期对农田土壤直接排放的温室气体GWP的贡献率,豇豆季在CH_4排放极低的情况下,仍有44. 7%～54. 5%的占比;两种温室气体比较中,N_2O对GWP的贡献率为66. 7%～77. 2%. SCOPT处理的GWP和两季作物GHGI均显著低于CON处理.3个优化施肥处理中,SCOPT的增产减排效果最显著,为最优的施肥方案.     

贵州丹寨汞矿土壤汞含量的变化趋势

在自然条件下,尽管汞在土壤中相对较稳定,但对丹寨汞矿区土壤中汞含量检测表明:土壤中汞含量自1996年以来有相当大的减少。笔者认为,导致此结果的原因可能是土壤中汞在物理化学的影响下大部分转化为单质并向大气中迁移。但最近和将来一段时间,由于受汞价上涨的影响,小规模土法炼汞又会给当地环境再次造成新一轮的污染。建议对造成环境污染的工矿企业进行严格的管理。     

颗粒物CEMS的取样问题和基本分析技术

介绍了在实际应用中的颗粒物CEMS的取样问题和基本分析技术,着重强调了颗粒物分层对取样点位的影响以及在基于光学技术的颗粒物CEMS运行中,保持颗粒物特性和尺寸分布相对稳定的重要性.