基于投入产出分析的碳足迹研究进展

随着全球变暖日益加剧,气候变化已成为人类社会面临的重大挑战。碳足迹旨在测度人类活动导致的温室气体排放水平,为世界各国制定环境与能源政策提供了强有力的技术支撑,受到学界、企业和公众的广泛关注。碳足迹核算方法主要包括清单因子法、生命周期评价和投入产出分析。论文首先阐述了这3种核算方法的基本原理,在此基础上回顾了单区域和多区域投入产出模型的发展历程,重点就投入产出分析在国际贸易、产业、消费者、区域和组织等尺度碳足迹研究中的应用进行了综述,并采用SWOT分析框架探讨了该方法面临的机遇与挑战,最后展望了其在混合核算方法、多尺度多区域投入产出模型和情景分析等方面的发展前景。     

生物质气化费托合成制航煤生命周期评价

基于生命周期评价（LCA）,对生物质气化费托合成制航煤（Bio-Jet Fuel）工艺进行资源-环境性分析.根据副产品水蒸汽的用途研究了供热和发电两种方案,并进行了数据不确定度分析.结果显示：除EP指标外,发电方案的各环境影响指标比供热方案降低了11.7%~40.8%.相比化石航煤,生物质航煤GWP降低52.6%~71.9%,不可再生资源消耗减少84.4%~93.6%.生物质生长阶段采用不同的分配方法,资源消耗潜值差异较小,但GWP、EP环境影响负荷会产生较大差异.且生物质航煤综合性能对原料消耗率敏感性最大,变化幅度为-16.6%~+17.3%.采用不确定度分析方法对评价结果进行数据质量评估,各环境影响类型的不确定度处于5.0%~12.5%.     

非接触式清扫器在带式输送机中的应用

针对散料硫黄带式输送机胶带清扫效果差的问题,进行了改进试验研究,创新使用非接触式高压风吹清扫器,解决了胶带彻底清扫的同时延长了胶带寿命,实现输送系统安全、环保、平稳运行。     

Fe-絮凝降阻法处理后的印染污泥燃烧特性

为明确印染污泥焚烧特性,提高其处理效率.以Fe-絮凝降阻法深度处理的印染污泥为研究对象,通过TG-DTG热重曲线法研究不同干燥时间（1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5和4.0 h）对深度处理的印染污泥燃烧特性的影响,并对深度处理的印染污泥燃烧过程的动力学和失重速率进行拟合.结果表明:不同干燥时间下,深度处理的印染污泥的焚烧过程均可分为4个阶段,阶段1为水蒸发阶段（15.9~106.9℃）,阶段2为低沸点有机物析出阶段（106.9~235.5℃）,阶段3为挥发分的析出和燃烧阶段（235.5~479.0℃）,阶段4为难挥发物质和碳酸盐分解阶段（479.0~852.2℃）,污泥最大失重率均在410.0℃左右,最大失重均出现在阶段3.最佳干燥时间为2.0 h（含水率为3.60%）,该条件下深度处理的印染污泥在阶段3失重峰值前、后分别为0.5级和2级反应,活化能分别为7.227和87.040 kJ/mol.失重峰值前、后的失重速率方程分别为y=9.003 18-0.099 68x（R2=0.998 1）和y=5.576+2.105/{1+exp[（x-18.076）/1.349]}（R2=0.997 8）.研究显示,深度处理的印染污泥主要在第3阶段燃烧,所得失重速率方程与其第3阶段燃烧的失重速率数据较好吻合.      

南京市大气PM2.5无机组分及对A549细胞的毒性效应

为研究不同来源的大气颗粒物中PM_2.5对人体的健康毒性效应,于2016年1-3月在南京市交通源区、化工园区、生活区等代表性站点分别采集PM_2.5样品,分析其水溶性离子和金属元素含量,并以PM_2.5对人体肺上皮细胞A549染毒24 h,研究暴露于不同来源颗粒物后的细胞活性和氧化损伤程度.结果表明:交通源区和化工园区日均ρ（PM_2.5）远高于生活区,3个区域均含有大量二次污染物,其中SO₄2-、NO₃-和NH₄+占PM_2.5总离子质量的80.6%~85.0%.交通源区PM_2.5中w（Zn）较高,主要来源于燃料燃烧和柴油发动机排放;而化工园区PM_2.5中w（Cu）、w（Pb）和w（Mn）均高于其他站点.将PM_2.5染毒剂量设定为50、100、200、400 μg/mL,各站点颗粒物均显著抑制A549细胞的存活率,并呈剂量-效应关系,化工园区对细胞存活率的半抑制浓度（IC₅₀=229.1 μg/mL）最低,而在高暴露浓度（200 μg/mL）下化工园区诱导产生的活性氧（ROS）最少.因此,南京地区主要受二次污染影响,机动车污染正在加剧;化工园区的颗粒物具有较大的细胞毒性,而较低的氧化损伤程度可能与该站点颗粒物中较低的w（Zn）以及测试暴露时间有关.      

Comparative study of carbonic anhydrase activity in waters among different geological eco-environments of Yangtze River basin and its ecological significance

This study provides the presence of carbonic anhydrase(CA) activity in waters of the Yangtze River basin, China, as well as the correlation of CA activity with HCO-3 concentration and CO_2 sink flux. Different degrees of CA activity could be detected in almost all of the water samples from different geological eco-environments in all four seasons. The CA activity of water samples from karst areas was significantly higher than from non-karst areas(PP3-concentration(r = 0.672, P2 sink flux(r = 0.602, P = 0.076) in karst areas. This suggests that CA in waters might have a promoting effect on carbon sinks for atmospheric CO_2 in karst river basins. In conditions of similar geological type, higher CA activity was generally detected in water samples taken from areas that exhibited better eco-environments, implying that the CA activity index of waters could be used as an indicator for monitoring ecological environments and protection of river basins. These findings suggest that the role of CA in waters in the karst carbon sink potential of river basins is worthy of further in-depth studies.     

Theoretical study on the formation mechanism of polychlorinated dibenzothiophenes/thianthrenes from 2-chlorothiophenol molecules

Homogeneous formation of polychlorinated dibenzothiophenes/thianthrenes(PCDT/TAs),sulfurated compounds analogous to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs), has been well-documented to occur via radical–radical coupling reactions from chlorinated thiophenol precursors. However, the current understanding of the formation mechanism of PCDT/TAs is exclusively limited to the inherent point of view that chlorothiophenoxy radicals act as the only required intermediates for PCDT/TAs. This study investigates reaction pathways for the formation of PCDT/TAs involving two new types of radical species, i.e., substituted phenyl radicals and substituted thiophenoxyl diradicals. Taking 2-chlorothiophenol(2-CTP) as a model compound for chlorothiophenols,we found that apart from the mostly discussed chlorothiophenoxy radicals, substituted phenyl radicals and substituted thiophenoxyl diradicals could also be readily formed via the reaction of 2-CTP with H radicals. Furthermore, direct self-and cross-coupling of these radicals can result in the formation of PCDT/TAs, including 1-monochlorothianthrene(1-MCTA), 1,6-dichlorothianthrene(1,6-DCTA), 4,6-dichlorodibenzothiophene(4,6-DCDT)and 1,6-dichlorodibenzothiophene(1,6-DCDT). The pathways proposed in this work are proven to be both thermodynamically and kinetically favorable. Particularly, comparisons were made between the formation mechanisms of sulfurated and oxygenated dioxin systems from an energetic point view, showing that replacing oxygen with sulfur atoms greatly reduces the activation barriers of the rate-controlling steps involved in the PCDT/TA formation processes compared with those involved for PCDD/Fs. The calculated results in this work may improve our understanding of the formation mechanism of PCDT/TAs from chlorothiophenol precursors and should be informative to environmental scientists.     

空管安全文化量表设计

为探究我国空管安全文化现状,设计了一种评价量表。在安全文化定义、国内外相关文献及安全相关规章的理论指导下,结合专家咨询与实地调研,从安全文化建设和安全文化养成两个维度建立符合我国空管安全文化特点的关键元素集,从而编制初始安全文化量表。然后通过随机抽样方法,对20个空管单位展开测试,利用SPSS 19. 0对测试结果进行项目分析以确保题项的合理性、探索性因子分析以保证量表结构效度、信度分析以确保量表的可信度,剔除无效题项后,最终确立了正式量表。正式量表的信效度能够达到要求,可以对空管单位的安全文化进行有效测量。     

基于地理加权回归的NO2排放预测模型

为了探究影响NO2排放的交通相关因素,以交通分析小区为基本单位,提取了美国洛杉矶城市的人口特征、道路网络特征、交通状况等数据,采用地理加权回归模型(GWR)分析各交通相关因素对NO2排放的影响,从而建立交通小区NO2排放预测模型。结果表明,交通小区路网密度、交通小区机动车吸引量、通勤时间在30~60 min的工作人数与NO2的排放呈正相关,表明3种影响因素的增加会造成NO2排放的增加;而交通小区在家工作的人数、慢行交通(步行、自行车等绿色出行方式)吸引量与NO2的排放呈负相关,表明适当鼓励在家工作的新型办公方式、鼓励居民出行选择慢行交通,能有效减少交通小区NO2的排放。     

Temperature effect on photolysis decomposing of perfluorooctanoic acid

Perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA)is recalcitrant to degrade and mineralize.Here,the effect of temperature on the photolytic decomposition of PFOA was investigated.The decomposition of PFOA was enhanced from 34% to 99% in 60 min of exposure when the temperature was increased from 25 to 85°C under UV light(201–600 nm).The limited degree of decomposition at 25°C was due to low quantum yield,which was increased by a factor of 12 at 85°C.Under the imposed conditions,the defluorination ratio increased from 8% at 25°C to 50% at85°C in 60 min.Production of perfluorinated carboxylic acids(PFCAs,C7–C5),PFCAs(C4–C3)and TFA(trifluoroacetic acid,C2)accelerated and attained a maximum within 30 to 90 min at 85°C.However,these reactions did not occur at 25°C despite extended irradiation to180 min.PFOA was decomposed in a step-wise process by surrendering one CF2unit.In each cyclical process,increased temperature enhanced the quantum yields of irradiation and reactions between water molecules and intermediates radicals.The energy consumption for removing eachμmol of PFOA was reduced from 82.5 k J at 25°C to 10.9 k J at 85°C using photolysis.Photolysis coupled with heat achieved high rates of PFOA degradation and defluorination.