Effects of solution conditions on the precipitation of phosphate for recovery. A thermodynamic evaluation

To understand the effects of solution conditions on the precipitation of calcium phosphates from wastewater for recovery, a computer programme PHREEQC was employed to calculate the speciation and saturation-index (SI) with respect to hydroxyapatite of a chemically defined precipitation system, which contains phosphate of 1–200 mg P/l, with Ca/P molar ratios of one to 10 times of the stoichiometric calcium to phosphorus molar ratio of hydroxyapatite, at a pH range of 7.0–11.0. The results show that the SI is respectively the logarithmic function of the phosphate concentration and the calcium concentration, increasing with the increase of either of them; the SI is a polynomial function of the solution pH value and increases with its increase, and the effect of solution pH value is due to its influence on base uptake of the precipitation reaction and the speciation of phosphate and calcium ions; the SI is also a logarithmic function of the solution ionic strength but decreases with its increase; at the temperature range of 5–30 °C the SI increases linearly with solution temperature and the effect of temperature is also due to its influence on the speciation of phosphate and calcium ions.     

一体化间歇曝气完全混合活性污泥法

一体化间歇曝气完全混合活性污泥法处理装置采取特殊的沉淀区构造,改变了活性污泥的循环流动方式,通过间歇曝气,反应区交替处于好氧/缺氧状态,达到了有机物高效去除、高效硝化反硝化及控制污泥膨胀的效果.该方法具有出水水质好、运行稳定、能耗低、流程简洁和操作管理方便的特点,是一种很有发展潜力的一体化中小型生活污水、城市污水处理系统.     

Comparative study of extraction methods for the determination of PAHs from contaminated soils and sediments

The following four methods were compared on the extraction efficiency of 16 EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): German method of the Verband Deutscher Landwirtschaftlicher Untersuchungs und Forschungsanstalten (VDLUFA), two methods of the International Organization for Standardization using shaking (ISO A) and Soxhlet extraction (ISO B) and an ultrasonic method. Recovery rates of 16 PAHs were determined in two soils. Extraction efficiency was evaluated in five soils and three sediments. Effect of drying soils and sediments on extraction efficiency was tested using the VDLUFA and the ultrasonic methods. Our study shows that the number of aromatic rings, rather than extraction procedures, significantly influenced recovery rates of individual PAHs. No significant differences in extraction efficiency of the four methods were observed for less polluted samples. For highly polluted soils, extraction efficiency decreased in the following order: VDLUFA method > ISO A > ultrasonic method > ISO B. Influence of soil moisture on extraction efficiency depended to some extent on both solvent used and content of PAHs in samples. A mixture of dichloromethane/acetone (5:1) is recommended for PAH extraction from moist samples when the ultrasonic method is used.     

Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soils in South Korea

The content and type of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in soils from paddy fields and upland areas in South Korea were determined using gas chromatography linked to mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The distribution map of total PAH content was obtained as a contour plot using a geographical information system. The overall distribution of PAH was found to be closely related to the pollution sources, the size of city and the type of industry. The average content of total PAH in all samples was 236 μg kg⁻¹, and the range was from 23.3 to 2834 μg kg⁻¹. The highest concentrations were found in soils sampled near iron processing plants. The concentration of PAH decreased in the order fluoroanthene>benzo(b)fluoroanthene>pyrene. Special PAH compound ratios, such as phenanthrene/anthracene and fluoroanthene/pyrene, were calculated to evaluate the origin. The collected data suggested that the pyrogenic origins such as motor vehicle exhaust and heavy industry emission were the dominant source of PAH in Korean soils.     

3种不同基质潜流湿地对磷的去除效果

基质是潜流式人工湿地污水处理系统的重要组成部分，直接影响到系统的处理效果。本文研究了由沸石、页岩陶粒和碎石3种不同基质构建的潜流式人工湿地对磷的去除效果。结果表明，在设计水力停留时间3d，连续进出水情况下，碎石单元对磷的去除效果最好，页岩陶粒单元次之，沸石单元效果最差，平均去除率分别为95％、60％和35％。在潜流式人工湿地污水处理系统运行初期观察到磷释放现象，沸石单元最为明显。进水磷浓度较低时，磷的去除率随浓度升高而升高，当正磷、总磷浓度分别升高到2．4—2．5和3．1～3．3mg／L时，正磷、总磷的去除率开始迅速下降。     

Protecting people and property: the influence of land-use planners on flood hazard mitigation in New Urbanist developments

Research suggests that characteristics of local government land-use planners help determine the priority that local communities place on flood hazard mitigation. However, research has not examined the significance of land-use planners' values and role orientations for flood hazard mitigation. Multiple regression analysis is used to examine the influence that land-use planners' values and role orientations have on flood hazard mitigation in a national sample of New Urbanist development projects. Findings indicate that land-use planners' values and role orientations have significant implications for flood hazard mitigation in these projects. The paper recommends that local governments adopt a land-use planning approach to flood hazard mitigation that relies on land-use planners to help direct development away from hazardous portions of development sites.     

醇胺溶液吸收与解吸CO2的研究

在温度333K、常压条件下,在羟乙基乙二胺(AEE)总量一定的溶液中,研究了不同浓度AEE对CO2的吸收性能;在总胺质量分数为40%的溶液中,研究了不同配比的AEE N-甲基二乙醇胺(MDEA)对CO2的吸收性能.考察了吸收过程中吸收速率、吸收量、吸收时间、AEE浓度以及吸收液温度的相互关系.控制解吸过程温度为393K,考察了CO2解吸量与解吸时间的关系.实验表明,适当降低AEE浓度有利于充分发挥AEE溶液的CO2吸收性能;在MDEA溶液中加入适量AEE,可以明显提高CO2的吸收与解吸性能;其中质量分数为20?E 20%MDEA的复合溶液在CO2吸收与解吸过程中表现出良好的实际操作性.     

真空紫外光降解苯的研究

为了考察真空紫外光辐射在气体净化中的应用,以苯作为目标污染物,分别进行了紫外光波长、气体湿度、反应时间、初始浓度以及辐射功率对苯光解率的影响实验。实验结果表明,真空紫外光辐射方法净化气相污染物中的苯效果良好,在一定条件下,浓度为348.2 mg/m³苯污染气体真空紫外光降解率可达到90%。通过在不同条件下苯的降解率以及臭氧浓度变化,初步探讨了苯降解的机理以及降解途径。苯的降解主要是通过氢氧自由基（·OH）的加成以及后续一系列的氧化反应,降解产物为苯酚以及含有羟基的长链烃。     

上海地区河流健康评价方法探讨

界定了河流健康的概念,基于对国外河流健康表征指标的剖析,尝试从河流水文、河流形态、河岸带状况、水质理化参数以及河流生物5方面对河流健康进行评价,初步提出由5个1级指标、17个2级指标架构的城市河流健康评价体系.通过国际调研、标准对照、专家咨询等方法制定相关评价标准,基于简明的评价模型将河流健康状况划分为很健康、健康、亚健康、不健康和病态5个等级.以上海中心城区某河流为例,对其健康状况进行评价.