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81.
Kamal A. Rashid Ralph O. Mumma 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(6):565-577
Abstract Genotoxicity of the insecticide methyl parathion was investigated in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli bacterial test systems for the detection of back mutations and DNA‐damage. Methyl parathion was mutagenic to S. typhimurium strain TA100 after activation with rat liver microsomal and cytosolic enzymes. In DNA repair tests, methyl parathion was effective in inducing damage to the S. typhimurium strain TA1538 which lack excision repair compared to the strain TA1978 which is proficient in excision repair mechanisms. Normal laboratory light conditions had no effect on the mutagenicity tests, however, exposure of methyl parathion in the petri dish containing the tester strain TA100 and rat liver microsomal and cytosolic enzymes reduced the mutagenic activity and increased the toxic effects of methyl parathion. 相似文献
82.
Kamal A. Rashid Ralph O. Mumma 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(3):243-250
1,3‐β‐d‐Glucan derived from baker's yeast was chemically modified in two steps yielding crosslinked carboxymethyl glucan as the sodium salt (2). After cation exchange with hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride, a hydrophobic adsorbent (3) was obtained which showed an excellent binding of the estrogenic mycotoxin zearalenone with a maximum adsorption of up to 183 mg/g. Compound 3 additionally showed a relatively high adsorption capacity for the trichothecene T‐2 toxin of at least 10 mg/g. Starting from 2, various derivatives were prepared by cation exchange using quaternary ammonium salts bearing substituents besides methyl from four to 18 carbon atoms. The adsorption of T‐2 toxin on these derivatives were compared with compound 3 leading to the conclusion that 3 is the best adsorbent of all investigated tetraalkylammonium‐modified derivatives of 2. 相似文献
83.
Governance of water supply systems in the Palestinian Territories: A data envelopment analysis approach to the management of water resources 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This study demonstrates that data envelopment analysis (DEA) can be a useful tool to assess the relative efficiencies of water supply systems and to establish benchmarks with which to measure progress in the management of water resources. Frontier efficiency models measure the efficiency of water use in the Palestinian Territories (West Bank and the Gaza Strip). At the municipality level, sufficient data for the years 1999-2002 were available to estimate efficiency and stability scores. The Gaza Strip efficiency scores were considerably lower than those of the West Bank. Water losses were the major source of the inefficiency as indicated by the large slacks of this input. The relative sizes of the municipalities affect efficiency scores little. Palestinian policy makers should focus on rebuilding the infrastructure of the water networks, beginning with the most DEA inefficient municipalities in order to minimize water losses. 相似文献
84.
Multi‐level learning approaches suggest that individuals, groups and organizations act both independently and interact dynamically to contribute to organizational performance. We directly examined this proposition in an Australian sample using a longitudinal design that employed subjective and objective financial performance data. Respondents completed a survey that provided details on their individual, team and organizational learning practices (ILP, TLP and OLP, respectively), and self assessed performance compared to 3 years ago. Concurrently, we collected objective performance data (sales/employee numbers) at 3 yearly intervals and averaged these data to create an index. Using hierarchical and moderated regression, we found a positive main effect for OLP with both subjective and objective performance. Main effects for ILP and TLP were not found. Further, we found a significant interaction between ILP and TLP such that the effect of TLP on productivity was better in organizations with less ILP. Three‐way interactions were not found. Overall, these results provide some support for the model. We discuss some limitations of the study and make recommendations for future studies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
85.
86.
Participatory learning and action (PLA) methodology was used at the village level in Fiji to identify and understand factors that influence two selected communities in implementing changes to current pig-waste management practices. The focus area was the Coral Coast in the south of Viti Levu island, where international tourism is expanding but stream and coastal waters are under threat of pollution from the largely uncontrolled release of pig waste into the local environment. The investigation found that participatory approaches are effective at the village level if correct tools are used and if the research process adapts to community needs. In particular, PLA methods in the two study villages (Komave and Votua) were able to assist different demographic groups to identify and then prioritise a range of pig-waste problems, including deteriorating water quality, public health and agricultural sustainability. Encouragement by PLA facilitators for communities to take ownership of these problems led eventually to one village installing a new pig-management system. This has become a showcase as a successful local-scale rural development project with long-term benefits for the local environment and the continuing growth of tourism in the area. 相似文献
87.
Ramzy B. Nessim Ahmad R. Bassiouny Madelyn N. Moawad Kamal M. Kandeel 《Chemistry and Ecology》2013,29(6):579-594
The use of algae (Ulva fasciata, green and Sargassum sp., brown) to reduce lead and cadmium levels from mono-metal solutions was investigated. The brown algae showed higher efficiency for the accumulation of lead (~1.5 times) and cadmium (~2 times) than green algae. The optimum pH value is found to be between 4 and 5.5. Regarding biomass concentration, an increase in metals percentage removal and a decrease in metal uptake capacity coincided with the increase in biomass concentration. All light metals (Ca, Mg and Na) showed a suppressive effect on biosorption capacity. The enhancement of biosorption in the case of NaOH was obvious. The biosorption process (65–90%) occurred within 3?min. Experimental data were in high agreement with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Freundlich model for lead and cadmium biosorption using different biosorbents. In the desorption study, 0.2?mol?L?1 HCl recorded the best concentration for the elution of metals from the biomass. The biosorption capacity decreased over the four operational cycles for both lead and cadmium. Infrared analysis showed that amino, hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups provide the major biosorption sites for metal binding. Use of the above-mentioned algae for cheap metal absorbance is considered as one water treatment criterion. 相似文献
88.
Ruhul A. Khan Stephane Salmieri Dominic Dussault Nathalie Tufenkji Jorge Uribe-Calderon Musa R. Kamal Agnes Safrany Monique Lacroix 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2012,20(1):43-52
Chitosan (0.1–1%, w/w), dissolved in 2% acetic acid solution, was added into 1% methylcellulose (MC)-based formulation containing
0.5% vegetable oil, 0.25% glycerol and 0.025% Tween?80. Films were prepared by casting. Puncture strength (PS), puncture deformation (PD), viscoelasticity coefficient and water
vapour permeability (WVP) of the films were measured. The PS value of 312 N/mm was observed for MC-based films containing
0.25% chitosan. Values of PD, viscoelasticity coefficient and WVP of these films were 5.0 mm, 44.1%, and 6.0 g mm/m2 day kPa, respectively. The MC-based films containing 0.25% chitosan were also exposed to gamma radiation (0.5–50 kGy). The
PS of the treated films decreased significantly from 312 at 0 kGy to 201 N/mm when treated at a dose of 50 kGy. However, WVP
values were not affected by increasing irradiation the dose used. The Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy supported the
molecular interactions due to addition of chitosan in MC-based films. Thermo gravimetric analysis and differential scanning
calorimetric experiments showed that thermal properties of the films were significantly improved by chitosan loading. Surface
topography of the films was studied by scanning electron microscopy and found rougher due to chitosan addition. 相似文献
89.
Sanjad–Sakati syndrome (SSS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by congenital hypoparathyroidism, growth and mental retardation. In Saudi Arabia, the disease is caused by a deletion of 12 bp (155-166nt) in the tubulin-specific chaperone E gene. In a family with two affected siblings with SSS, preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) was performed. Fluorescent PCR (F-PCR) was utilized to check the heterozygosity and the homozygosity status of the parents and the affected children, respectively. F-PCR was then optimized for single-cell analysis by using peripheral blood lymphocytes. The patient underwent a cycle with intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection. A total of 11 embryos were obtained and biopsied. There were five heterozygous, three homozygous affected and three normal embryos. One heterozygous and one normal embryo were transferred because of their very good quality (morula). A singleton pregnancy was obtained, and amniosynthesis confirmed the presence of the heterozygous fetus. These results show for the first time, the feasibility of PGD for SSS. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
90.
Megat Hanafiah Megat Ahmad Kamal Wan Mat Khalir Wan Khaima Azir MohamedKasmawati Zakaria Haslizaidi Wan Ngah Wan Saime 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2010,22(2):248-256
Rubber leaf powder (an agricultural waste) was treated with potassium permanganate followed by sodium carbonate and its
performance in the removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution was evaluated. The interactions between Pb(II) ions and functional
groups on the adsorbent surface were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy
(SEM) coupled with X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX). The effects of several important parameters which can affect
adsorption capacity such as pH, adsorbent dosage, initial lead concentration and contact time were studied. The optimum pH range
for lead adsorption was 4–5. Even at very low adsorbent dosage of 0.02 g, almost 100% of Pb(II) ions (23 mg/L) could be removed.
The adsorption capacity was also dependent on lead concentration and contact time, and relatively a short period of time (60–90
min) was required to reach equilibrium. The equilibrium data were analyzed with Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich
isotherms. Based on Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacity of lead was 95.3 mg/g. Three kinetic models including pseudo
first-order, pseudo second-order and Boyd were used to analyze the lead adsorption process, and the results showed that the pseudo
second-order fitted well with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99. 相似文献