Desorption kinetics of neutral hydrophobic organic compounds from field-contaminated sediment

The chemical release rates from a field-contaminated sediment (Lake Charles, LA) using Tenax desorption were studied. Two dichlorobenzenes (m-, p-), hexachlorobutadiene, and hexachlorobenzene were investigated. Contrary to reports that sorption rates are inversely related to K(OW), the slow desorption rates were found to be similar for the four compounds. The data were modeled by a two-compartment irreversible adsorption and radial diffusion model. Desorption kinetics from the first irreversible compartment can be modeled by radial diffusion and assume an irreversible adsorption constant and soil tortuosity of 4.3. The desorption half-life is approximately 2-7 days. Desorption from the second irreversible compartment is very slow (half-life of approximately 0.32-8.62 years) presumably caused by entrapment in soil organic matter that increases the constrictivity of the solid phase to chemical diffusion. From the kinetic data, it is deduced that the diffusion pore diameter of the second irreversible compartment is approximately equal to the critical molecular diameter. The mass of chemicals in this highly constrictive irreversible compartment is approximately one-fourth of the maximum irreversible, or resistant, compartment. The slow kinetics observed in this study add additional support to the notion that the irreversibly sorbed chemicals are 'benign' to the environment.     

偶氮染料直接大红GBE脱色细菌的筛选及研究

从保定市某印染厂曝气池废水中分离到一株对染料直接大红GBE有高效脱色效果的菌株HD 1,经鉴定 ,该菌为沙门氏菌属 (Salmonella) ,在 2 5— 3 7℃都有较高的脱色率 ,最佳脱色温度为 3 7℃ ,在pH 6— 8范围内对染料具有明显的脱色效果 ,最佳脱色 pH值为 7.0 ,氧气对脱色具有一定的抑制作用。染料脱色产物的紫外 -可见光谱分析表明 ,可见光区 488nm处的吸收峰完全消失 ,而在紫外区出现了两个吸收峰     

火灾危险源与火灾隐患之辨析

通过归纳总结危险源定义和分类,引申出火灾危险源的定义和分类.就火灾隐患定义在不同领域的运用提出了广义和狭义火灾隐患之分,并就火灾危险源与火灾隐患之间的关系阐述了一些观点.     

混凝剂对生物造粒流化床污泥中微生物生理生态的影响研究

为了系统研究聚合氯化铝(PAC)和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对生物造粒流化床颗粒污泥生理生态的影响,对投加PAC或PAM后活性污泥的特性和硝化菌群的空间分布进行了对比研究,同时考察了投加混凝剂后的污染物去除效果.结果表明,与不投加混凝剂相比,投加PAC后,运行60 d时反应器中混合液悬浮固体(MLSS)、混合液挥发性悬浮固体(MLVSS)浓度分别提高了73％、29％；通过平板计数法计算结果可知,未投加混凝剂、投加PAC、投加PAM的反应器中微生物的增长是非常稳定的,投加PAC或PAM都促进了细菌的生长和繁殖；荧光原位杂交鉴定结果表明,各个反应器中亚硝化菌(AOB)或硝化菌(NOB)所占比例均基本相当,且AOB数量均略高于NOB数量；投加PAC或PAM都能够提高COD的去除率；投加PAC可大大提高TP的去除率；3个反应器中各种形态氮的去除效果非常接近,脱氮主要靠硝化菌群的生物降解作用,投加PAC或PAM对微生物的硝化作用没有抑制.     

Heavy Metal Contents and Magnetic Properties of Playground Dust in Hong Kong

This study examined the levels of seven heavy metals (namelyzinc, copper, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese and iron) andtheir associations with magnetic properties in playground dustof Hong Kong. Results showed that the playground dust containedhigh concentrations of Zn (mean = 1883 g g^-1), Cu(mean = 143 g g^-1) and Cr (mean = 263 g g^-1).Qualitative examination of dust samples under microscope indicated local traffic as one of the important pollutant sources. Magnetic measurements indicated that these anthropogenicpollutants mainly consisted of coarse-grained multidomain (MD) ferrimagnetic minerals. Superparamagnetic (SP), stable single domain (SSD) ferrimagnetic grains and non-ferrimagnetic mineralswere present in relatively small amounts. Significant correlations between heavy metals and various magnetic parametersindicated a strong affinity of heavy metals to magnetic minerals hence pointed out the potential of magnetic properties for simpleand rapid proxy indications of heavy metal pollution in playground dust.     

频率域电磁感应技术在场地全覆盖污染快速筛查中的应用

针对上海典型化工企业场地(A)和金属制品企业场地(B),运用低成本的频率域电磁感应技术(FDEMI)进行全覆盖扫描探测,依据地层视电导率(ECa)空间分布特征,快速定位土壤/地下水疑似污染区,并合理布置钻孔取样点位。取样测试分析结果显示,土壤/地下水实际污染空间分布与地层ECa值平面分布高度一致。综合FDEMI全覆盖扫描和钻孔取样分析结果,采取"点面结合"方式对全场进行风险分级分区,确定了场地A的西北部及中部存在TPH、氯代芳烃、苯系物和重金属Mn的复合污染区,占全场总面积的28%;场地B的中部为重金属(Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn)重度污染区,占全场总面积的23%。土壤/地下水中重金属线性电导特性、污染物质极性、有机物自然降解过程中的离子释放现象等可能是引起地层ECa值空间变化的主要影响因素。     

水污染分析校准用汞溶液的研制

研制了水污染分析校准用汞溶液。采用原子荧光光谱法对样品进行了均匀性和稳定性检验,对样品的量值进行了验证并进行了不确定度评定。检验结果表明:汞溶液均匀性良好,室温条件下可稳定36个月以上;样品的标准值为100 mg/L,扩展不确定度为2 mg/L。样品量值与美国AccuStandard公司同种标准物质具有一致性。可用于水中汞检测的测定标准、质量控制、分析方法研究以及实验室能力验证等方面。     

Residues of dioxins and PCBs in fat of growing pigs and broilers fed contaminated feed

To investigate the kinetics of PCBs and dioxins, 3 week old broilers and 3 month old pigs were fed with a 10-fold diluted feed from the Belgium crisis for one week, followed by a period on clean feed. In the case of broilers this resulted in levels for dioxins, non-ortho and mono-ortho PCBs in fat of 102, 84 and 216 ng TEQ/kg, summarized to 402 ng TEQ/kg. Total levels decreased to 217 and 109 ng TEQ/kg after 1 and 3 weeks on clean feed. Indicator PCB levels decreased from an initial 6.2 mg/kg fat to respectively 3.2 and 1.5 mg/kg. The ratio of indicator PCBs to dioxins TEQs was stable over this period. Levels in back fat of pigs at the end of the exposure period were 26, 15, 82 and 123 ng TEQ/kg for respectively dioxins, non-ortho PCBs, mono-ortho PCBs and the sum. Total TEQ levels decreased to respectively 95, 70, 40, 22 and 12 ng TEQ/kg after 1, 2, 4, 8 or 12 weeks on clean feed. After 12 weeks dioxin levels were around 1 ng TEQ/kg. Indicator PCB levels decreased from 3.48 mg/kg to 2.65, 2.01, 1.25, 0.76 and 0.45 mg/kg fat, again after 1, 2, 4, 8 or 12 weeks on clean feed. Levels of dioxins decreased more rapidly than those of indicator PCBs, also reflected by the ratio of indicator PCBs to dioxins, being 133,000 at the end of the exposure period and 357,000 after week 12. It is concluded that the use of indicator PCBs for dioxins, in the case of a combined exposure, is a safe alternative for screening and in the case of pigs results in an overestimation rather than underestimation of the dioxin levels.     

多食鞘氨醇杆菌共代谢降解五氯酚

研究了一株从活性污泥中分离得到的多食鞘氨醇杆菌(Sphingobacteriummultivorum)对五氯酚(PCP)的共代谢降解.比较了细菌分别以苯酚和葡萄糖为生长底物时对PCP的降解效果.结果表明,苯酚对细菌的生长有一定的抑制作用;葡萄糖支持细菌共代谢降解PCP,葡萄糖和非生长底物PCP之间不存在底物竞争抑制现象.蛋白质电泳结果表明,葡萄糖为生长底物时,PCP的降解酶是由PCP自身所诱导;GC-MS分析PCP共代谢降解中间产物时检测到苯酚的存在,说明在好氧降解情况下,PCP的共代谢降解可能也存在渐次脱氯生成苯酚并最终被矿化的过程.