香蕉茎秆、桉树皮和猪粪不同配比堆肥研究

通过固定猪粪添加量,依次增加桉树皮添加量,减少香蕉茎秆添加量,研究了桉树皮、香蕉茎秆和猪粪不同配比,不同C/N比值等对堆肥温度、pH值、微生物数量以及种子发芽率等堆肥发酵指标的影响,并用腐熟的有机肥进行香蕉幼苗盆栽试验。结果表明,堆肥材料C/N比值为25.24和27.01的处理堆肥温度较高,均达到56℃以上,持续高温时间分别为10和11 d,堆肥中各养分含量相对较高,达到NY 525—2012《有机肥料》标准。盆栽试验也表明,利用堆肥材料C/N比值为25.24和27.01的堆肥配制的有机肥对盆栽香蕉幼苗有一定的促生效果。     

光电催化转盘电极处理罗丹明B(RhB)模拟废水模型

在转盘式光电液膜反应器(RPEC)反应动力学方程的基础上,综合考虑外加偏压(0—0.4 V)、转盘转速(0—90 r.min-1)、初始浓度(0—100 mg.L-1)、转盘半径(37.5 mm)等因素对反应过程的影响,运用MATLAB软件对转盘转动的反应过程进行模拟计算和推测.计算结果与实验数据能较好吻合,数据误差在10%以内.从而建立了一种不同条件下转盘式光电催化降解废水的降解模型,对实际工业应用具有一定的预测与指导意义.     

Uncertainty analysis in the nuclear industry: Analytical unavailability modelling incorporating ageing of safety components

There is a growing interest in analyzing the possibility for current nuclear power plants operation extension. In that sense, life management programs, considering safety components ageing, are being developed and employed. On the other side, the large uncertainties of the ageing parameters as well as the uncertainties associated with most of the reliability data collections are widely acknowledged.This paper deals with uncertainty analysis associated with specific ageing rates database. The analysis is conducted using an analytical unavailability model applied for a selected safety system in a nuclear power plant. The most important problem is the immense uncertainty associated to the component ageing data sets as well as the lack of the very data in general, which would correspond to the more detailed modelling of ageing.New probability distributions, encompassing the ageing rates available in the considered data set, are suggested. The obtained results indicate the extent to which the uncertainty of the considered ageing data set, given the inherently assigned probability distribution, influences the performed unavailability calculations. Additionally, comparative analysis regarding the insights gained out of the application of the suggested probability distributions is conducted.     

关于海洋辐射环境监测体系建设的思考

通过对海洋辐射环境监测现状及存在问题的分析,提出了加强顶层设计,推进陆海统筹,逐步构建和完善海洋辐射环境监测管理体系、业务体系、人才体系、应急体系、保障体系、标准体系和合作体系的建议。     

Distribution of phytoplankton community and its influence factors in an urban river network,East China

To reveal the distribution characteristics of phytoplankton and the main influence factors under different conditions in the urban rivers, the investigations were conducted during autumn and winter 2014 in Changzhou City, East China. 178 taxa of phytoplankton belonging to 28 functional assemblages were identified. In autumn, the phytoplankton community compositions have high similarity for enhanced hydrological connectivity. The chlorophytes and diatoms (prevailing functional groups C, F, J, P), together with euglenoids (W1), showed high proportions of biomass in the main rivers and connected rivers. It was related to the well mixed eutrophic conditions. The phytoplankton community exhibited spatiotemporal heterogeneity in winter. Affected by the low water level and temperature, the free-living phytoflagellates (X2) replaced groups F and J in the main rivers. Phytoplankton productivity was the highest in the Tongji River. Chlorophytes Dictyosphaerium ehrenbergianum and Chlamydobotrys stellata had an overwhelming superiority during the winter bloom. They were significantly correlated with ammonium, total phosphorus and biochemical oxygen demand. Affected by tail water supply, the diatoms (MP) and euglenoids (W1) dominated in a beheaded river. The multivariate analyses based on the phytoplankton functional groups helped to evaluate the relationships and variations between the urban rivers. The redundancy analysis (RDA) results showed that nitrate nitrogen, water temperature, total nitrogen and total suspended solids were the main influence factors on the phytoplankton community. Except MP, the prevailing groups all showed significant negative correlations with nitrate nitrogen. Availability and utilization of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and hydrodynamic conditions affected the phytoplankton distribution.

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城市化过程对氨氮排放的驱动作用与空间交互特征——以长三角地区为例

解析城市化过程对水污染物排放的驱动机制及其空间演化特征,对科学管控水污染物超标排放和源头上减少水污染物入水具有重要意义,是生态文明建设时期推进城市绿色发展、打造高质量人居环境的重要施策依据.以长江三角洲为例,建立县域氨氮排放和人口社会经济数据库,在揭示2011—2015年长三角地区氨氮排放的时空演变特征基础上,构建基于STIRPAT框架的驱动力分析模型,运用空间计量方法定量估计人口城市化和土地城市化对氨氮排放的驱动作用,并通过设置不同阈值的反距离空间权重矩阵测度其空间交互效应.结果表明：①2011—2015年长三角地区氨氮排放整体规模下降显著,氨氮高值排放区县向沿海和地市中心快速收缩,热点区分布呈沿海持续集聚、内陆不断减少,在动态变化中,在长三角地区形成了圈层式分布格局;②空间溢出效应显著,即本地的氨氮排放明显受到周边地区的影响.长三角城市化过程总体上缓解了区域的氨氮排放压力,人口规模和经济水平会驱动区域氨氮排放增加,外商直接投资和固定资产投资规模则抑制了氨氮排放;③土地城市化和人口城市化会加剧本地氨氮排放,但会吸引相邻区县人口、资源要素集聚,并通过绿色生产生活方式的辐射促进邻地氨氮排放下降.空间交互特征表明,以城市群和都市圈为主体,在100 km范围内,高度城市化地区的集聚效应和示范作用驱动了氨氮排放下降.     

国土空间规划体系下的全域环境空间管控研究——以苏州市为例

立足新时期国土空间规划体系强化全域环境空间管控,推动各类环境要素管控分区降尺度与融合化,实现环境污染源头管控与精准落地,是系统应对当前高强度、复合型环境问题的有效途径.构建基于国土空间规划的全覆盖、多层级环境功能分区管控体系,在单要素人为污染物排放量和综合排放强度评价基础上,提出环境功能分区的管控等级集成评价模型,探索分区管理和分级施策的全域环境空间管控途径,并以高度工业化和城市化的苏州市为案例开展应用研究.结果表明：①基于国土空间规划体系的"三区三线"与现行环境要素管控分区的空间耦合性,建立由8个一级分区和21个二级分区构成的环境功能分区管控体系;②按照"三区三线"管控属性和综合排放强度,可进一步将环境功能分区的管控等级由高至低划分为Ⅴ、Ⅳ、Ⅲ、Ⅱ、Ⅰ及○级;③苏州市人为污染物排放量总体偏大,城镇空间内的工矿业生产空间及城乡居住空间、农业空间内的生产养殖空间的综合排放强度较高,主要分布于姑苏、虎丘等中心城区及昆山、常熟等工业集聚区;④苏州市Ⅴ级和Ⅳ级管控区以工矿业生产空间、城乡居住空间和特殊生产空间为主,Ⅲ级管控区以混合空间为主,Ⅱ级以农业种植空间和生产养殖空间为主,Ⅰ级和○级管控区主要包括一般生态空间和生态保护红线.案例应用表明,国土空间规划体系下的全域环境空间管控可操作性强,可实现环境规制精准落实到污染源空间;建议以环境功能分区分级管控体系为基础,将环境空间管控全面融入国土空间规划体系,建立综合施策的环境协同管理机制.     

基于RAMS-CMAQ模拟的2019年初威海市大气污染反弹成因研究

威海市是山东省东部最典型的沿海城市,也是中国、日本、韩国大气污染相互传输影响的重要通道.虽然威海市大气质量已连续4年达标,但其污染仍时有反弹.2019年1-2月威海市大气NO₂和PM_2.5浓度反弹率分别达48.5%和35.0%,明显高于山东省内陆地区和京津冀地区平均水平.通过对同期空气质量例行监测数据和气象资料统计分析、空气质量模型RAMS-CMAQ模拟和后向轨迹聚类等方法定量剖析了威海市大气污染反弹的原因.结果表明,威海市2019年1-2月空气污染反弹与气象条件及其相关联的污染物区域输送有较大的相关性,与2018年同期相比,冷空气活动弱、降水量偏少、风速偏低、受来自山东内陆和京津冀相对高污染区污染输送影响偏多是造成本次污染反弹的主要诱因.RAMS-CMAQ模拟显示,相同排放源假定下,由气象条件及其引起的区域传输造成的PM_2.5和NO₂浓度反弹,2019年1、2月较2018年同期PM_2.5浓度增加值分别为8、3 μg·m^-3,分别占总反弹率的53%、37.5%,NO₂浓度增加值分别为10、7.5 μg·m^-3,分别占总反弹率的58.8%、40%.说明威海市空气质量受外来输送明显、扩散条件及区域污染输送是空气质量评估不容忽视的重要因素.     

煤矿建设项目开采沉陷对环境影响评价研究

本文系统介绍了开采沉陷对环境影响评价的基本方法,结合工作实践,针对不同环境因子的分项评价进行总结,并给出相应的治理对策,最后得出结论。     

Air pollution and health studies in China--policy implications

During the rapid economic development in China, ambient air pollutants in major cities, including PM10 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < or =10 microm) and SO2 have been reduced due to various measures taken to reduce or control sources of emissions, whereas NO2 is stable or slightly increased. However, air pollution levels in China are still at the higher end of the world level. Less information is available regarding changes in national levels of other pollutants such as PM2.5 and ozone. The Chinese Ministry of Environmental Protection (MOEP) set an index for "controlling/reducing total SO2 emissions" to evaluate the efficacy of air pollution control strategy in the country. Total SO2 emissions declined for the first time in 2007. Chinese epidemiologic studies evidenced adverse health effects of ambient air pollution similar to those reported from developed countries, though risk estimates on mortality/morbidity per unit increase of air pollutant are somewhat smaller than those reported in developed countries. Disease burden on health attributable to air pollution is relatively greater in China because of higher pollution levels. Improving ambient air quality has substantial and measurable public health benefits in China. It is recommended that the current Chinese air quality standards be updated/revised and the target for "controlling/reducing total SO2 emissions" be maintained and another target for "reducing total NO2 emissions" be added in view of rapid increase in motor vehicles. Continuous and persistent efforts should be taken to improve ambient air quality.