金沙江中游奉科湖相层ESR年代学研究及成因探讨

不同流域大量发育的沉积物不仅记录了晚新生代的气候信息,也为地貌演化等研究提供了重要依据。我国著名的第四纪地质单元——昔格达组,在青藏高原东南缘地区的大河流域中广泛发育,如攀枝花地区金沙江湖相地层。因此,对该地区湖相地层的沉积特征、形成时代及其成因机制的研究具有重要意义,但其形成时代至今仍存在较大争议。昔格达组颜色上以黄色、灰白色为主,厚度介于几十米到几百米,主要由黏土、粉沙、细沙等细粒组分组成,发育水平层理多数呈半成岩状态;该套地层的分布受现今河流的严格控制,呈孤立状态分布于金沙江及其支流的河谷中。本文在金沙江中游奉科地区发现出露典型湖相地层,厚约20 m,在奉科剖面采集5个样品,开展ESR年代学研究,结果表明：该套湖相地层年龄为440—556 ka,属于中更新世沉积。野外地质地貌考察结果显示：该套湖相地层直接超覆于基岩之上,且在上覆湖相地层中未发现砾石层和沙层等典型的河流相二元结构,结合ESR测年结果,初步判断奉科湖相地层为大型滑坡堵塞金沙江形成的堰塞湖沉积。     

夹层对盐岩储气库注采运行稳定性影响研究

为保证含夹层盐岩储气库长期注采过程的安全稳定,开展夹层几何特征对盐岩储气库注采运行稳定性影响的研究.通过FLAC3D开展数值模拟,研究单一夹层厚度、位置及夹层数量等几何特征对储气库围岩应力、变形的影响规律,并分析盐腔的稳定性和可用性对夹层几何参数的敏感性特征.结果 表明:随夹层厚度、数量的增加,盐腔围岩所受压应力增大,...     

果园地面覆盖管理的生态经济效益分析

分析了果园地面覆盖管理的生态和经济效益，并对果园地面管理方式在果树产量、质量、营养、病虫害和土壤有机质、肥力、水分、侵蚀以及生态环境上的影响进行了赋分综合评价。评价的有利效应顺序是：有机物覆盖〉间作〉生草带状覆盖〉生草覆盖〉除草剂除草〉翻耕。据此，针对我国生态环境、人口、经济状况，提出了在山区的经济林果园内应推广应用秸杆地面覆盖技术，对于减少水土流失，提高果树产量具有显著的生态和经济效益。     

Kinetic modeling of fenton oxidation of phenol and monochlorophenols

A kinetic model, consisting of 28 reactions, was proposed to understand the key mechanism of the Fenton oxidation of phenol and o-, m-, and p-chlorophenols. Particular attention is paid to the interactions of the organic intermediates with the Fe species. The proposed model reasonably predicts the decomposition kinetics and by-product formation for the different phenols at widely varying levels of Fe2+, H2O2, and the phenols. For the phenols and intermediates, change in concentrations with time was predicted within 20-30% deviation from the measured data. The single model predicts the overall kinetics of Fenton oxidation of all the tested phenols by adjusting the rate constant of hydroxyl radical for each phenol. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the key reactions are those that directly govern the levels of OH radical and Fe2+. Both the model prediction and the experimental results show that the decomposition rate could be complicated particularly by the availability of Fe2+. Understanding the interactions of the organic intermediates with Fe2+ is thus of critical importance to improve the decomposition performance.     

Monitoring of reduced sulfur compounds in the atmosphere of Gosan, Jeju Island during the Spring of 2001

The atmospheric concentrations of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and carbon disulfide (CS2) were measured concurrently with relevant environmental parameters at Gosan, Jeju Island, Korea during 5-26 April 2001. The mean concentrations for these two compounds were 18.7+/-17.9 and 6.4+/-9.9 pptv, respectively. Results of our analysis indicated that relative temporal variations between DMS and CS2 can be best described by dividing the whole data set into three different periods which reflect the variable transport patterns of air masses into the study area. (Periods I, II, and III denote: 5-10, 10-18, and 19-26 April.) The environmental conditions during those three periods varied greatly. The effects of continental and/or oceanic processes were evident for certain periods, yielding diverse relationships between DMS and CS2 in both absolute and relative terms. Most observed variations were best explained in terms of an interplay between source/sink processes and air mass transport patterns. The sea-to-air flux of DMS, when estimated using our measurement data during this study period, was approximately 4 micromole m(-2)d(-1).     

Transport characteristics of gas phase ozone in unsaturated porous media for in-situ chemical oxidation

Encapsulation technology is being investigated as a method for controlling pH in situ at contaminated groundwater sites where pH may limit remediation of organic contaminants. This study examined the effectiveness of using KH2PO4 buffer encapsulated in a pH-sensitive coating to neutralize pH in laboratory sand columns (1.5-1) under a simulated groundwater flow rate and characterized the pattern of capsule release in the flow-through system. Denitrification was used in the columns to increase the pH of the pore water. Each of three columns was equipped with three miniature mesh wells to allow contact of the buffer with column pore water, but capsules (15 g) were inserted into only one column (amended). The two other columns served as amendment (no buffer) and abiotic (no denitrification) controls. Oxidation-reduction potential, dissolved organic and inorganic carbon, NH4+, NO3- +NO2-, PO(4)3-, and pH were measured in the influent, two side ports, and effluent of the columns over time. Near complete conversion of 80 mg N/1 of nitrate and 152 mg/l of ethanol per day resulted in a mean pH increase from 6.2 to 8.2 in the amendment control column. The amended column maintained the target pH of 7.0 +/- 0.2 for 4 weeks until the capsules began to be depleted, after which time the pH slowly started to increase. The capsules exhibited pulses of buffer release, and were effectively dissolved after 7.5 weeks of operation. Base-neutralizing capacity contributed by the encapsulated buffer over the entire study period, calculated as cation equivalents, was 120 mM compared to 8 mM without buffer. This study demonstrates the potential for this technology to mediate pH changes and provides the framework for future studies in the laboratory and in the field, in which pH is controlled in order to enhance organic contaminant remediation by pH-sensitive systems.     

Pre-oxidation and coagulation of textile wastewater by the Fenton process

This paper evaluates the Fenton process, involving oxidation and coagulation, for the removal of color and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from synthetic textile wastewater containing polyvinyl alcohol and a reactive dyestuff, R94H. The experimental variables studied include dosages of iron salts and hydrogen peroxide, oxidation time, mixing speed and organic content. The results show that color was removed mainly by Fenton oxidation. The color removal reached a maximum of 90% at a reaction time of 5 min under low dosages of H2O2 and Fe2+. In contrast, the COD was removed primarily by Fenton coagulation, rather than by Fenton oxidation. The ratio of removal efficiency between Fenton process and ferric coagulation was 5.6 for color removal and 1.2 for COD removal. It is concluded that Fenton process for the treatment of textile wastewater favors the removal of color rather than COD.     

Enhanced chemical oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons in soil systems

Fenton's destruction of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) was investigated in soil slurry batch reactors. The purpose of the investigation was to quantify the enhancement of oxidation rates and efficiency by varying process conditions such as iron catalyst (Fe(II) or Fe(III); 2, 5, and 10mM), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; 30, 150, 300 mM), and metal chelating agents (l-ascorbic acid, gallic acid, or N-(2-hydroxyethyl)iminodiacetic acid). Rapid contaminant mass destruction (97% after 3h) occurred in the presence of 300 mM H2O2 and 10 mM Fe(III). An enhanced removal rate (>90% removal after 15 min and 95% removal after 3h) was also observed by combining Fe(III), N-(2-hydroxyethyl)iminodiacetic acid and 300 mM H2O2. The observed BTEX mass removal rate constants (3.6-7.8 x 10(-4)s(-1)) were compared to the estimated rate constants (4.1-10.1 x 10(-3)s(-1)). The influence of non-specific oxidants loss (by reaction with iron hydroxides and soil organic matter) was also explored.     

Atmospheric concentrations of PM2.5 trace elements in the Seoul urban area of South Korea

Fine particles (PM2.5) were collected during all four seasons, from April 2001 to February 2002, in Seoul, South Korea, using an annular denuder system. Elemental compositions of ambient PM2.5 were analyzed using the proton-induced X-ray emission method. The greatest contributors (> or = 2%) to the PM2.5 mass were sulfur (S), silicon (Si), chlorine (Cl), aluminum (Al), and iron (Fe) in the spring; S in the summer; and S and Cl in the fall. S, Cl, and Si were the major elements in the winter. S was the most abundant species among the elements, ranging from 5.3 to 7.9%, followed by Si and Cl. From analysis of variance, PM2.5 mass, Al, Si, potassium, calcium, and Fe showed significant seasonal differences during the four seasons (p < 0.001). Enrichment factor (EF) analysis was carried out to identify the sources affecting the aerosol in the Seoul area. On the basis of the mean EF values, elemental S, copper, zinc, and lead may be emitted from anthropogenic sources (EF > 50). Elemental Al, Si, titanium, and Fe may be emitted from crustal sources (EF < 3). Additionally, a correlation analysis was carried out for source identification. The results of the correlation analysis were confirmed by the results of the EF analysis.     

水环境中苯丙胺类物质的快速前处理方法

在国内外研究的基础上,应用固相萃取技术,建立并优化了适用于野外条件的3种常见精神活性物质（甲基苯丙胺、苯丙胺和麻黄碱）的快速前处理方法.比较了污水快速前处理条件（样品pH值和上样流速）对目标物回收率的影响.结果表明,在本文测试条件下,理想的快速前处理参数为使用Oasis HLB柱,在碱性条件、流速为20mL/min的情况下加载样品.与传统方法相比,快速前处理方法所得的目标物浓度稍有降低,但仍很好地反映了生活污水中的目标物浓度水平和变化特征.北京、广东两地的野外验证结果显示,该方法对南北两地生活污水和地表水样品的处理效果都比较稳定.