船舶排放清单研究方法及进展

远洋船舶在港口和近海范围的排放清单是研究大气复合污染的形成和应对机制的迫切需求,船舶因其动态、多源、跨国注册等特点,是源清单研究中难度较大的部门.本文对现有研究在全球、区域、港口尺度的数据需求、方法学和适用性进行了综述,对比评价了各方法的优缺点和适用范围,归纳了能提供高分辨率排放清单的方法体系.其中燃油法更适用于全球清单计算,但不适用于区域清单;贸易法对基础数据要求较低,但不确定度较大;统计法依赖统计数据,更适用于港口范围;动力法准确性最高,但对基础数据有较高要求.此外,从全球、区域、港口尺度方面介绍了船舶清单的研究进展,提出了未来改进清单面临的排放因子和AIS数据方面的挑战,并展望了我国船舶排放清单研究的发展方向.     

Emission characteristics of offshore fishing ships in the Yellow Bo Sea, China

Maritime transport has been playing a decisive role in global trade. Its contribution to the air pollution of the sea and coastal areas has been widely recognized. The air pollutant emission inventories of several harbors in China have already been established. However,the emission factors of local ships have not been addressed comprehensively, and thus are lacking from the emission inventories. In this study, on-board emission tests of eight diesel-powered offshore fishing ships were conducted near the coastal region of the northern Yellow Bo Sea fishing ground of Dalian, China. Results show that large amounts of fine particles( 0.5 μm, 90%) were found in maneuvering mode, which were about five times higher than those during cruise mode. Emission rates as well as emission factors based on both distance and fuel were determined during the cruise and maneuvering modes(including departure and arrival). Average emission rates and distance-based emission factors of CO, HC and PM were much higher during the maneuvering mode as compared with the cruise mode. However, the average emission rate of Nitrous Oxide(NOx) was higher during the cruise mode as compared with the maneuvering modes. On the contrary, the average distance-based emission factors of NOxwere lower during the cruise mode relative to the maneuvering mode due to the low sailing speed of the latter.     

Characteristics and formation mechanism of regional haze episodes in the Pearl River Delta of China

To investigate the characteristics and the specific mechanism of continuous haze,comprehensive measurements were conducted from 15 October to 19 November in the Atmospheric Environment Monitoring Super-Station in Heshan of Guangdong province.Five haze episodes occurred in October and November 2014 in the Pearl River Delta(PRD)region. The meteorological parameters, gas data, chemical compositions, and optical parameters of the aerosols were obtained. Among these events, the second haze episode,with the highest concentration of PM2.5 of 187.51 μg/m~3, was the most severe. NO~3-was always higher than SO_4~(2-), which indicated that motor vehicles played an important role in the haze, even though the oxidation rate from SO_2 to SO_4~(2-)was faster than that of NOXto NO_3~-. The difference between the hourly averages of Na+and K+during the haze episode and clean days was small, implying that straw combustion and sea salt had no significant effect on the occurrence of haze, and the backward trajectories of the air masses also conformed with this result. The air pollutants were difficult to disperse because of the significant decrease in the planetary boundary layer(PBL) height. Relative humidity played a crucial role in the formation of haze by leading to hygroscopic growth of the diameter of aerosols.     

Chemical characteristics and source apportionment of PM2.5 between heavily polluted days and other days in Zhengzhou, China

PM_(2.5) samples were collected in Zhengzhou during 3 years of observation, and chemical characteristics and source contribution were analyzed. Approximately 96% of the daily PM_(2.5) concentrations and annual average values exceeded the Chinese National Ambient Air Quality Daily and Annual Standards, indicating serious PM_(2.5) pollution. The average concentration of water-soluble inorganic ions was 2.4 times higher in heavily polluted days(daily PM32.5 concentrations 250 μg/mand visibility 3 km) than that in other days, with sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium as major ions. According to the ratio of NO-3/SO2-4,stationary sources are still the dominant source of PM_(2.5) and vehicle emission could not be ignored. The ratio of secondary organic carbon to organic carbon indicated that photochemical reactivity in heavily polluted days was more intense than in other days.Crustal elements were the most abundant elements, accounting for more than 60% of 23 elements. Chemical Mass Balance results indicated that the contributions of major sources(i.e., nitrate, sulfate, biomass, carbon and refractory material, coal combustion, soil dust,vehicle, and industry) of PM_(2.5) were 13%, 16%, 12%, 2%, 14%, 8%, 7%, and 8% in heavily polluted days and 20%, 18%, 9%, 2%, 27%, 14%, 15%, and 9% in other days, respectively.Extensive combustion activities were the main sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during the episode(Jan 1-9, 2015) and the total benzo[a]pyrene equivalency concentrations in heavily polluted days present significant health threat. Because of the effect of regional transport, the pollution level of PM_(2.5) in the study area was aggravated.     

Volatile organic compounds in some urban locations in United States

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been determined to be human risk factors in urban environments, as well as primary contributors to the formation of photochemical oxidants. Ambient air quality measurements of 54 VOCs including hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons and carbonyls were conducted in or near 13 urban locations in the United States during September 1996 to August 1997. Air samples were collected and analyzed in accordance with US Environmental Protection Agency-approved methods. The target compounds most commonly found were benzene, toluene, xylene and ethylbenzene. These aromatic compounds were highly correlated and proportionally related in a manner suggesting that the primary contributors were mobile sources in all the urban locations studied. Concentrations of total hydrocarbons ranged between 1.39 and 11.93 parts per billion, by volume (ppbv). Ambient air levels of halogenated hydrocarbons appeared to exhibit unique spatial variations, and no single factor seemed to explain trends for this group of compounds. The highest halogenated hydrocarbon concentrations ranged from 0.24 ppbv for methylene chloride to 1.22 ppbv for chloromethane. At participating urban locations for the year of data considered, levels of carbonyls were higher than the level of the other organic compound groups, suggesting that emissions from motor vehicles and photochemical reactions strongly influence ambient air concentrations of carbonyls. Of the most prevalent carbonyls, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were the dominant compounds, ranging from 1.5-7.4 ppbv for formaldehyde, to 0.8-2.7 ppbv for acetaldehyde.     

硫酸盐还原菌对杀菌剂的敏感性研究

江汉油田硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)引起的金属管壁腐蚀和油层堵塞问题一直没有得到彻底解决。不同种群的SRB对同种杀菌剂的敏感程度是不同的。游离SRB和固着型SRB对几种常用杀茵剂的敏感性实验结果表明:除了ME以外,其余几种杀菌剂杀灭培养液中SRB的能力和杀灭固着型SRB的能力由大到小的排序是:BQ-3,WE,BQ-2,BQ-1,1227,BH。ME杀灭培养液中SRB的能力好于前六种杀菌剂,但是其杀灭固着型SRB的能力低于BQ-1。使用同种杀菌剂时,固着型SRB比游离型SRB的杀死难度更大。     

车间空气中呼吸性矽尘卫生标准

对国家标准《车间空气中呼吸性矽尘卫生标准》在25个冶金工厂进行了试用，从卫生要求和浓度测定方法等方面验证该标准对冶金工厂的适用性，并提出了修订建议。     

20t/h煤粉炉除尘系统改造

对大同矿务局中央机厂２０ｔ／ｈ煤粉炉原有除尘系统所存在的问题进行了全面分析，在此基础上，确定了改造方案，进行了改造设计。改造后实际运行情况表明，２０ｔ／ｈ煤粉炉的烟气黑度及烟尘浓度均达到了国家二级标准。     

河流一维水质预测模型在污染贡献值计算中的应用

通过对河流一维水质预测模型的推导和转化,在模型中引入污染源污染物浓度贡献值和预测断面污染物浓度现状监测值,将预测结果同现状监测结果联系起来,使预测结果更贴近实际;探讨利用贡献值简化计算在拟建项目排污口与其下游预测断面间存在若干个未知点源污染情况下的预测断面污染物浓度预测值的方法,以尽可能少人力物力的投入,较为准确、快速的得到预测结果。     

三亚电厂工程影响潮流场数值模拟

运用嵌套方法对拟建三亚电厂工程海域潮流场进行了数值模拟，预测了电厂码头工程对潮流场的影响。模拟结果表明，嵌套方法的应用更精确地模拟了海岸线的几何形状，提高了工程海域潮流场的精度，清晰地再现了流场的微细结构。