饮用水源地水质评价的变权欧式距离模型的建立及应用

通过改进加权欧式距离模型,建立变权欧式距离模型,以体现相同水质评价因子在不同饮用水源评价单元中的客观各异性.采用污染贡献率确定评价因子在各评价单元中的权重.结合规范化数据建立符合各评价单元自身特点的评价距离尺度准则,对饮用水源地的水质进行评价.结果表明,与综合指数法比较,变权欧式距离模型的分割灵敏性较高、评价效果良好.本研究提供了一种符合饮用水质特点的科学评价方法.     

注册安全工程师行业混合监管模式探讨

注册安全工程师执业资格制度是在市场经济条件下,加强企业安全与卫生工作的一项重要管理制度。我国注册安全工程师制度刚刚兴起,一个高效的行业监管模式尚未建立起来,因此有必要对这一新兴行业的监管开展先行研究。目前,国际上通行的注册安全工程师行业监管模式主要有行业自律和政府监管两种,并呈现出逐步向独立监管方向发展的趋势。不同监管模式具有不同的优缺点和不同的适应条件,中国注册安全工程师行业的监管既应借鉴国际先进经验,又必须着眼于中国的实际情况,分别从短期、中期和长期的综合监管绩效考虑,采纳混合监管模式不失为一种现实可行的抉择。     

Bioaugmented sulfate reduction using enriched anaerobic microflora in the presence of zero valent iron

Biological sulfate reduction was evaluated in batch and continuous reactors that were inoculated with enriched microflora cultivated from sulfate laden medium. Heterotrophic sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) principally reduced the sulphate when the chemical oxygen demand was sufficient. The heterotrophic SRB in the enriched microflora could not efficiently reduce sulphate at T<33 °C and/or pH<6.0. However, when 200 mg L(-1) of zero valent iron (ZVI) was added to the reactor, the sulphate reduction rate was increased by 15% while the inhibition of the SRB activity occurred at T<25 °C or pH<4.5, broader than those noted for non-ZVI systems. In batch tests, the autotrophic SRB reduced 95% of 1500 mg L(-1) sulphate in <50h at 15 °C when the substrate was amended with 8 gL(-1) ZVI. In continuous up-flow anaerobic multiple bed reactor tests conducted to evaluate the remediation of sulphate in acid mine runoff, ZVI enhanced the activity of SRB, resulting in a 61% reduction of 20.8 gL(-1) sulphate when the reactor was operated at 25 °C and pH 2.6 with a hydraulic remain time of 96 h.     

Transformation of 4-nonylphenol isomers during biosolids composting

4-Nonylphenol, a degradation intermediate of commercial surfactant and known endocrine disruptor, has been frequently detected at levels up to several thousand microgl(-1) in surface waters and up to several hundred mgkg(-1) (dry weight) in soil and sediment samples. Large quantities of 4-NP can be quickly sorbed by the organic rich solid phase during wastewater treatment and are concentrated in biosolids, a possible major source for 4-NP in the environment. Microbial transformation in culture studies followed different mechanisms for different 4-NP isomers, which have different estrogenic activity. Composting is a process of solid matrix transformation where biological activity is enhanced by process control. This approach has been used successfully in remediation of contaminated soils and sludges. In this study, the transformation kinetics of 4-NP and its isomers were characterized during biosolids composting. Five distinctive 4-NP isomer groups with structures relative to alpha- and beta-carbons of the alkyl chain were identified in biosolids. Composting biosolids mixed with wood shaving at a dry weight percentage ratio of 43:57 (C:N ratio of 65:1) removed 80% of the total 4-NP within two weeks. At this biosolids/wood shaving ratio (B:WS), the transformation of total 4-NP and its isomers followed second-order kinetic. Higher B:WS ratios yielded significantly slower 4-NP transformation which followed first-order kinetic. Isomers with alpha-methyl-alpha-propyl structure transformed significantly slower than those with less branched tertiary alpha-carbon and those with secondary alpha-carbon, suggesting isomer-specific degradation of 4-NP during biosolids composting.     

陕北地区北洛河上游石油开发对水环境的影响

陕北是我国重要能源基地,随着陕北地区油气大规模的开采,资源勘探开发对区域环境带来的影响日趋严重,北洛河上游石油开发区内水质恶化,水体功能降低等问题非常突出.通过对北洛河上游地表水采样测试分析,并根据国家标准采用单因子污染指数进行评价,结果显示六价铬、硫酸盐、COD、NH3-N、挥发酚、石油类在集油站、井场、个别污水偷排处超标情况较严重,在河岸有大量原油污染物沉积.在部分地区河水的氯化物含量较高,除本地区地质条件因素之外,油层水的排入也有一定影响.并且由于春冬季河水流量减少,河流自净能力下降,枯水期的污染程度大幅度上升.     

Y型内混双级雾化喷嘴流量特性研究

对自行设计的 Y 型内混双级雾化喷嘴进行了实验研究,分析了不同喷嘴尺寸对喷嘴流量特性的影响.对比了压缩空气与过热蒸气做雾化介质的不同.通过测量喷嘴内混室压力,拟合出了供气压力-内混室压力曲线,并通过实验测量和校核,得到工质流景系数的表达式,对喷嘴设计有指导作用.     

露天矿钻机司机室空气质量调控装置研究

研制了一种适用于露天矿山温度高、粉尘大、振动大的司机室空调、通风和除尘的新型装置,研究了换热系统、新风供给器和循环风除尘除毒装置,室内温度、清新度和新鲜度优于规定指标,现场使用效果良好。     

试析我国城市绿地系统的功能及其发展对策——以北京市为例

本文以北京市城市绿地系统为研究对象,对其发展现状及其生态和社会功能进行了分析,并就目前城市绿地发展中存在的一些问题进行了探讨,最后提出了一些相应的发展对策。     

Communication,neighbourhood belonging and household hurricane preparedness

This paper reports on an examination of data on how local residents in Tuscaloosa, a mid‐sized city in the state of Alabama, United States, responded to Hurricane Ivan of September 2004. The evaluation revealed that an integrated connection to community‐level communication resources—comprising local media, community organisations and interpersonal networks—has a direct impact on the likelihood of engaging in pre‐hurricane preparedness activities and an indirect effect on during‐hurricane preparedness activities. Neighbourhood belonging mediated the relation between an integrated connection to community‐level communication resources and during‐hurricane preparedness activities. Neighbourhood belonging was determined to increase the likelihood of taking preparedness actions during Hurricane Ivan, but not prior to it. In addition, we discovered an interesting pattern for two different types of risk perceptions: social and personal risk perceptions. Social risk perceptions increase the likelihood of taking preventative steps before a hurricane while personal risk perceptions are positively related to engaging in preventative action during a hurricane.     

汶川8.0级地震非承重墙体震害调查分析

通过对汶川8.0级地震发生后西安、成都地区(地震烈度为Ⅵ～Ⅶ度区)的高层建筑震害调查,以某小区震后建筑物非承重墙体裂缝为实例,给出了高层建筑震害易发生的部位和楼层,分析了非承重墙体裂缝产生的原因。震害调查表明:汶川地震中,在抗震设防烈度为Ⅵ～Ⅷ度区,当地震烈度为Ⅵ～Ⅶ度时,非承重墙抗震性能的表现不尽如人意。提出了应对非承重墙体制定设防目标,且非承重结构构件的抗震设防目标应与主体结构设防目标相适应,使建筑结构设计,对非承重墙的抗震设防有据可依,使灾后有可能对设计与施工的质量进行评估,通过有区别地加强非承重墙的抗震构造措施,减小建筑物的震害损失。