Justice constructs,negative affectivity,and employee deviance: a proposed model and empirical test

This study tests a model that uses organizational justice variables and the personality trait of negative affectivity to explain two forms of deviant employee behavior. Prior research suggests that deviance can be directed interpersonally or against organizations. We propose a model that links unfavorable perceptions of distributive, procedural, and interactional justice, as well as the dispositional trait of negative affectivity, to both types of deviant acts. To test the model, a survey was distributed to employees from a government agency and an international manufacturer of paper products. Responses to the survey were analysed using structural equation modeling to evaluate the fit of the theoretical model to the data. Results showed that the model fits the data well and that nearly all of the hypothesized relations among constructs were supported. Implications of the results for the prediction and control of deviant behavior are discussed and future research directions are offered. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of pCO2 on the interaction between an excavating sponge,Cliona varians,and a hermatypic coral,Porites furcata

Rising dissolved pCO₂ is a mounting threat to coral reef ecosystems. While the biological and physiological impacts of increased pCO₂ are well documented for many hermatypic corals, the potential effects on bioerosion processes remain largely unknown. Increases in pCO₂ are likely to modify the direct interactions between corals and bioeroders, such as excavating sponges, with broad implications for the balance between biologically mediated deposition and erosion of carbonate in reef communities. This study investigated the effects of three levels of CO₂ (present-day, mid-century and end-of-century projections) on the direct interaction between a bioeroding sponge, Cliona varians, and a Caribbean coral, Porites furcata. Increased pCO₂ concentrations had no effect on the attachment rates of C. varians to the corals, and we observed no significant impact of pCO₂ on the survival of either the coral or sponges. However, exposure to end-of-century levels of CO₂-dosing (~750 μatm) reduced calcification in P. furcata and led to a significant increase in sponge-mediated erosion of P. furcata. These findings demonstrate that pCO₂ can enhance erosional efficiency without impacting survival or competitive vigor in these two species. While few studies have considered the influence of pCO₂ on the competitive outcomes of interactions between corals and other reef organisms, our study suggests that assessing the impacts of changing pCO₂ on species interactions is crucial to adequately predict ecosystem-level responses in the future.     

Spatial and social connectivity of fish-eating “Resident” killer whales (Orcinus orca) in the northern North Pacific

The productive North Pacific waters of the Gulf of Alaska, Aleutian Islands and Bering Sea support a high density of fish-eating “Resident” type killer whales (Orcinus orca), which overlap in distribution with commercial fisheries, producing both direct and indirect interactions. To provide a spatial context for these interactions, we analyzed a 10-year dataset of 3,058 whale photo-identifications from 331 encounters within a large (linear ~4,000 km) coastal study area to investigate the ranging and social patterns of 532 individually identifiable whales photographed in more than one encounter. Although capable of large-scale movements (maximum 1,443 km), we documented ranges generally <200 km, with high site fidelity across summer sampling intervals and also re-sightings during a winter survey. Bayesian analysis of pair-wise associations identified four defined clusters, likely representing groupings of stable matrilines, with distinct ranging patterns, that combined to form a large network of associated whales that ranged across most of the study area. This provides evidence of structure within the Alaska stock of Resident killer whales, important for evaluating ecosystem and fisheries impacts. This network included whales known to depredate groundfish from longline fisheries, and we suggest that such large-scale connectivity has facilitated the spread of depredation.     

The affective foundations of high‐reliability organizing

The factors that compel individuals to exert the extraordinary effort needed to create high reliability—consistent error‐free performance under trying conditions—remain unspecified. Here, we propose that when individuals experience emotional ambivalence and prosocial motivation, it induces the broad thinking and other‐orientation that undergird mindful organizing and high reliability. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Accumulation of 137Cs by fungal mycelium in forest ecosystems of Ukraine

During 1996-1998, 16 fruit bodies of different species and 204 soil samples down to 10 cm in the close vicinity of the fruit body sites were collected in a coniferous forest in the Ovruch region of Ukraine. The soil samples were sliced into 1 or 2 cm layers and the fungal mycelium was prepared from each of the layers. The 137Cs activity concentration was determined in both soil and mycelium. The mean weight of fungal mycelium was 13.8 mg g(-1) of soil in the upper 4 cm and 7.3 mg g(-1) when measured for the upper 10 cm. At the sites of Paxillus involutus and Sarcodon imbricatus, the mycelium was rather homogeneously distributed in the upper 10 cm and at sites of Xerocomus subtomentosus and Cantharellus cibarius, the mycelium was distributed mostly in the upper layers. The highest 137Cs activity concentrations were found in the upper layers of the soil profile. The 137Cs activity concentrations were usually higher in the fruit bodies compared with the mycelium, with ratios ranging from 0.1 to 66 and a mean of 9.9. The percentage of the total inventory of 137Cs in the soil found in the fungal mycelium ranged from 0.1 to 50%, with a mean value of 15%.     

Remediating TCE‐contaminated groundwater in low‐permeability media using hydraulic fracturing to emplace zero‐valent iron/organic carbon amendment

A field pilot test in which hydraulic fracturing was used to emplace granular remediation amendment (a mixture of zero‐valent iron [ZVI] and organic carbon) into fine‐grained sandstone to remediate dissolved trichloroethene (TCE)‐contaminated groundwater was performed at a former intercontinental ballistic missile site in Colorado. Hydraulic fracturing was used to enhance the permeability of the aquifer with concurrent emplacement of amendment that facilitates TCE degradation. Geophysical monitoring and inverse modeling show that the network of amendment‐filled fractures extends throughout the aquifer volume targeted in the pilot test zone. Two years of subsequent groundwater monitoring demonstrate that amendment addition resulted in development of geochemical conditions favorable to both abiotic and biological TCE degradation, that TCE concentrations were substantially reduced (i.e., greater than 90 percent reduction in TCE mass), and that the primary degradation processes are likely abiotic. The pilot‐test data aided in re‐evaluating the conceptual site model and in designing the full‐scale remedy to address a larger portion of the TCE‐contaminated groundwater plume. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

环境中类固醇激素与斑马鱼(Danio rerio)体内有机阴离子转运多肽(Oatp1d1)的相互作用

环境中类固醇激素具有很高的生物活性,在水环境中又普遍存在,因而对鱼类健康造成威胁。目前,对鱼体内类固醇激素的吸收过程和毒代动力学知之甚少,特别是其中细胞膜转运体的作用。我们考察了17种内源性和环境中类固醇激素与斑马鱼体内有机阴离子摄取性转运体Oatp1d1的相互作用,Oatp1d1在斑马鱼的肝脏和肾脏中有显著表达。我们选择了不同类别的类固醇激素,包括雄烯二酮(A4)、黄体酮(P4)及其代谢物、糖皮质激素和螺旋内酯甾酮(竞争性抑制萤光黄(Lucifer Yellow, LY)的吸收)。半数抑制效应浓度(IC₅₀)通过S形抑制曲线获得,P4的IC₅₀最小,其他IC₅₀由大到小排列为:17α-羟基黄体酮>丙酸氯倍他索>螺旋内酯甾酮>21-羟基黄体酮>醋酸氟氢可的松和其他的糖皮质激素。类固醇激素的亲脂性与Oatp1d1相互作用的活性呈正相关关系。我们的数据表明不同类别的类固醇激素与Oatp1d1的相互作用活性不同,或为吸收,或为抑制,或吸收和抑制。如此可知类固醇激素会介入内源性底物的转运过程,以致相关的生理过程。同时,类固醇激素可通过竞争性抑制作用改变环境污染物的细胞贩运。 精选自Raffael Alois Willi, Karl Fent. Interaction of environmental steroids with organic anion transporting polypeptide (Oatp1d1) in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2018,37:2670-2676.
详情请见 https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.4231
     

Turbinaria ornata as an herbivory refuge for associate algae

Habitat associations are an integral part of coral reef community structure. Commonly, one organism lives in such close association within or near another that a spatial refuge occurs, whereby one of the organisms provides protection to the other. This is often the result of defenses of the host deterring an associate organism’s consumers. In Moorea, French Polynesia, the range and abundance of the brown macroalga, Turbinaria ornata, have increased drastically since 1980 such that dense aggregations of this macroalga are a dominant component of the backreef habitat. Turbinaria ornata is both mechanically and chemically defended from herbivores. Other species of macroalgae grow within aggregations of Turbinaria and may benefit from these defenses. This study investigates whether aggregations of Turbinaria create a refuge from herbivory for associate macroalgae. When Turbinaria aggregations were removed experimentally, there was a significant increase in the number of associate algal species. Moreover, an herbivory assay using the palatable local alga Acanthophora spicifera identified herbivory as the mechanism for lower diversity on bommies lacking Turbinaria aggregations. The local increase in algal richness due to the refuge from herbivory afforded by Turbinaria may be an important contribution to macroalgal and community dynamics on reefs in Moorea, French Polynesia.     

An efficient and simple method for measuring (226)Ra using the scintillation cell in a delayed coincidence counting system (RaDeCC)

A delayed coincidence counter (RaDeCC), developed to determine ultra-low levels of (223)Ra (half life = 11.1 days) and (224)Ra (half life = 3.6 days) in seawater, was adapted to measure (226)Ra (half life = 1622 years). After pre-concentration of Ra from seawater onto MnO(2)-coated fiber we show in this study that the (226)Ra activity can be determined using the RaDeCC's ability to record alpha decay of its daughters as total counts. For sufficient ingrowth of (222)Rn, the Mn-fiber is hermetically sealed in a column for a few days. Then, the ingrown (222)Rn is circulated through the RaDeCC air-loop system followed by shutting down of the pump and closure of the scintillation cell for equilibration. Counting may be completed within a few hours for seawater samples. Sample measurements with this method agreed well with data obtained using gamma-ray spectrometry. This proves that a set of Ra isotopes ((223)Ra, (224)Ra, and (226)Ra), commonly used for geophysical studies such as mixing rates of different water masses and submarine groundwater discharge, can be efficiently and rapidly measured using the RaDeCC.     

Simulating a natural fire regime on an Atlantic coast barrier island complex in Florida, USA

The HFire fire regime model was used to simulate the natural fire regime (prior to European settlement) on Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge, Canaveral National Seashore, and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida. Model simulations were run for 500 years and the model was parameterized using information generated from previously published empirical studies on these properties (e.g., lightning fire ignition frequencies and ignition seasonality). A mosaic pattern of frequent small fires dominated this fire regime with rare but extremely large fires occurring during dry La Niña periods. This simulated fire size distribution very closely matched the previously published fire size distribution for lightning ignitions on these properties. A sensitivity analysis was performed to establish which parameters were most influential and the range of variation surrounding empirically parameterized model output. Dead fuel moisture and wind speed had the largest influence on model outcome. A wide range of variance was observed surrounding the composite simulation with the least being 6% in total burn frequency and the greatest being 49% in total area burned. Because simulation modeling is the best option for fire regime reconstruction in many rapidly growing shrub dominated systems, these results will be of interest to scientists and fire managers for delineating the natural fire regime on these properties, the southeastern United States and other fire adapted shrub systems worldwide.