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21.
Systematic environmental screenings are still the exception in South-Eastern Europe. Especially, there is a decisive lack of information concerning the occurrence and behaviour of xenobiotic and toxic compounds like volatile-and non volatile halogenated organics, suppressed by the surrogate AOX, synthetic chelating agents, pesticides, like DDT as well as chlorate in the biosphere. The analysis of soils, waters and firns of a representative area in Bulgaria, the Pirin mountains, indicate a relatively low back ground pollution. The accumulation of the xenobiotics in this high mountain region is recognised to be low. Nevertheless, traces of pesticides and chelating agents like EDTA and NTA in ice (firns) and soils were found. The surrogate AOX should be a parameter, suitable for routine environmental screenings of such areas. 相似文献
22.
Sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) can be derived using different approaches and are commonly used in environmental management,
reclamation, and risk assessment. The screening-level concentration (SLC) approach has been used in Ontario, Canada, to derive
lowest effect levels (LELs) and severe effect levels for use as SQGs. This approach was adopted by the Canadian Nuclear Safety
Commission (CNSC) to set guidelines for metals (As, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mo, Ni, Se, U, and V) and radionuclides (Ra-226, Pb-210, and
Po-210) in sediment at northern Saskatchewan uranium mining and milling operations. The SLC approach is based on total metal
and radionuclide concentrations in sediment, and corresponding benthic community composition data for a specific sampling
site. In this study, sediment chemistry (total metals and radionuclides) and benthic community data from northern Saskatchewan
uranium operations were compiled and examined. Results indicate that the CNSC-derived SQGs had limited relationships to observed
effects, or lack thereof, on benthic invertebrate communities near uranium operations in Saskatchewan. The LELs were found
to correctly align with effects at 95% of the sites that had effects, on a general basis, but on an element-specific basis
many of the elements had concentrations at effect sites below their LELs. Furthermore, concentrations of the evaluated elements
exceeded at least one LEL at 60% of the no-effect sites. The high number of exceedences of LELs at reference and no-effect
sites (false-positives) calls to question the appropriateness of the CNSC-derived SQGs. It is suggested that alternatives
to the SLC approach be explored. 相似文献
23.
Lee S Russell AG Baumann K 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2007,57(9):1123-1135
Particulate matter (PM) less than 2.5 microm in size (PM2.5) source apportionment by chemical mass balance receptor modeling was performed to enhance regional characterization of source impacts in the southeastern United States. Secondary particles, such as NH4HSO4, (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3, and secondary organic carbon (OC) (SOC), formed by atmospheric photochemical reactions, contribute the majority (>50%) of ambient PM2.5 with strong seasonality. Source apportionment results indicate that motor vehicle and biomass burning are the two main primary sources in the southeast, showing relatively more motor vehicle source impacts rather than biomass burning source impacts in populated urban areas and vice versa in less urbanized areas. Spatial distributions of primary source impacts show that each primary source has distinctively different spatial source impacts. Results also find impacts from shipping activities along the coast. Spatiotemporal correlations indicate that secondary particles are more regionally distributed, as are biomass burning and dust, whereas impacts of other primary sources are more local. 相似文献
24.
Karsten Zumholz Thor H. Hansteen Uwe Piatkowski Peter L. Croot 《Marine Biology》2007,151(4):1321-1330
The use of statolith chemistry to trace migration pathways and distinguish populations of cephalopods is based on the assumption
that the elemental composition of statoliths is influenced by physicochemical properties of the ambient environment. However,
such influences have not been investigated experimentally up until now. This study presents the first microchemical analyses
of cephalopod statoliths obtained from laboratory experiments under different controlled temperature and salinity conditions.
Our results show that statolith chemical composition is strongly related to both salinity and temperature in ambient waters.
The Ba/Ca ratio is negatively related to temperature and shows no relation to salinity. The I/Ca ratio is positively related
to temperature and negatively to salinity. No Sr/Ca relation was found to either salinity or temperature, suggesting that
the well-established proxy strontium is not as useful in cephalopod statoliths as in other biomineralized aragonites. Microanalysis
of trace elements, however, shows an enormous potential for field studies on distribution, migration and stock separation
of cephalopods. Furthermore, Synchrotron X-ray Fluorescence Analysis is introduced as a promising novel method for statolith
analysis, providing a spatial resolution of typically 10–15 μm combined with detection limits down to 0.5 ppm. 相似文献
25.
26.
Input of trichloroacetic acid into the vegetation of various climate zones--measurements on several continents 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Weissflog L Krüger G Elansky N Putz E Pfennigsdorff A Seyfarth KU Nüchter M Lange C Kotte K 《Chemosphere》2003,52(2):443-449
Trichloroacetic acid (TCA, CCl(3)COOH) is a phytotoxic chemical. Although TCA salts and derivates were once used as herbicides to combat perennial grasses and weeds, they have since been banned because of their indiscriminate herbicidal effects on woody plant species. However, TCA can also be formed in the atmosphere. For instance, the high-volatile C(2)-chlorohydrocarbons tetrachloroethene (TECE, C(2)Cl(4)) and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCE, CCl(3)CH(3)) can react under oxidative conditions in the atmosphere to form TCA and other substances. The ongoing industrialisation of Southeast Asia, South Africa and South America means that use of TECE as solvents in the metal and textile industries of these regions in the southern hemisphere can be expected to rise. The increasing emissions of this substance--together with the rise in the atmospheric oxidation potential caused by urban activities, slash and burn agriculture and forest fires in the southern hemisphere--could lead to a greater input/formation of TCA in the vegetation located in the lee of these emission sources. By means of biomonitoring studies, the input/formation of TCA in vegetation was detected at various locations in South America, North America, Africa, and Europe. 相似文献
27.
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29.
Thomas Petzoldt Lars Rudolf Karsten Rinke Jürgen Benndorf 《Ecological modelling》2009,220(9-10):1358-1368
A mechanistic model was applied to study the influence of diurnal vertical migration (DVM) of planktonic crustaceans on the succession and composition of the phytoplankton community. While zooplankton was restricted to only one functional group, the phytoplankton community was divided into two functional groups which are distinguished by their maximum growth rates and vulnerability to zooplankton grazing. DVM causes a pulsed grazing regime and may also entail a corresponding reduction of the cumulative daily rates of ingestion and losses of zooplankton. To study the relative importance of these two mechanisms of DVM to phytoplankton we performed a scenario analysis consisting of 5 different scenarios. The results show that DVM has a strong influence on the phytoplankton community. Well edible algae benefit during the first 3–4 weeks of summer stratification by reduced daily grazing. The typical shift from small, well edible algae to larger, poorly or non-edible phytoplankton is distinctly delayed. Under the assumption of unchanged daily grazing, however, a pulsed grazing regime has nearly no influence on the resulting phytoplankton composition. As similar effects are also found for completely non-edible phytoplankton, indirect effects via phosphorus availability must be assumed. Thus, the scenario analysis reveals that the observed effects of DVM on phytoplankton can be explained by a combination of two mechanisms: (1) reduction of the daily zooplankton grazing, and (2) changed assimilation and remineralisation of phosphorus. Surprisingly and in contradiction to earlier reports there is almost no DVM effect on phytoplankton due to the sole action of a pulsed grazing regime. 相似文献
30.
Markus Stumm Michael Entezami Karsten Haug Cornelia Blank Max Wüstemann Bernt Schulze Gisela Raabe-Meyer Maja Hempel Markus Schelling Eva Ostermayer Sabine Langer-Freitag Tilo Burkhardt Roland Zimmermann Tina Schleicher Bernd Weil Ulrike Schöck Patricia Smerdka Sebastian Grömminger Yadhu Kumar Wera Hofmann 《黑龙江环境通报》2014,34(2):185-191