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31.
Gerald Fischer Tina Frohne Lydia Gerharz Margit Hildebrandt Otto Klemm Katrin Mildenberger Carsten Nording Ingo Rehberger Manuel Schiffer Christos Stephan Voulkoudis 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2006,18(3):155-163
Objective and Background
The nitrogen oxides NO and NO2 and, in particular, their ratio (NO/NO2), play important roles in the radical-system of the atmospheric boundary layer. There were various indications upon a dropping NO/NO2-ratio in citiex over the last years, however, no proof has been given yet Especially in densely populated areas such as the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW), such a change can have significant influences upon various atmospheric reactions. The objective of this investigation was to prove the existence of a systematic change of the NO/NO2-ratio, to describe the development of NOx over the past 2 decades at different locations and to determine the causes for this development.Methods
To detect changes of the NO/NO2-ratio we processed the data of 11 continuously operating air quality stations of the State Environment Agency (LUA NRW) with time series reaching back up to 20 years. We investigated rural stations, stations in the urban background and heavily traffic influenced locations. It was possible to calculate and assess the NO/NO2-ratio under consideration of the fast reaction of ozone with NO. There were clear indications towards existing trends and they could be determined as statistically significant using the nonparametric Mann-Kendall Test. The analysis of possible causes for the change of the NO/NO2-ratio focused upon the change of the global radiation, the change of the patterns of the atmosphetic circulation, and the frequency of cyclones and anticyclones meteorological conditions in Central Europe, the introduction of automotive catalytic converters, and the development of the atmospheric oxidation-capacity.Results and conclusions
The results are indicating a decline of the ratio at traffic-influenced stations with a statistical significance over 95%. The negative trend can also be detected at most urban background stations. It was problematic to perform the trend-analysis of the rural background station in the Egge-Mountains because of the fragmentary character of the dataset. Regional differences in the development of the NO/NO2-ratio indicate towards various causes. Crucial for the situation at the rural areas are the changed trajectories of cyclones and anticyclones as well as the decline of the atmospheric oxidation-capacity, while the traffic plays another important role at urban stations. The negative trend at the traffic-stations was intensified by the introduction of catalytic converters, which lead to a reduction in emissions of NOxRecommendations and prospects
The significance of the NO/NO2-ratio for the oxidation capacity of the atmosphere shows the necessity to further monitor this development. Previous investigations detected a decline in total NOx without examining the relative development of the two nitrogen oxides towards each other. Gaining insight into the local differences of this ratio helps to allocate sources and to develop understanding of the atmospheric processes. 相似文献32.
Ines Pöhler Dirk F. Wenderoth Katrin Wendt-Potthoff Manfred G. Höfle 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2002,2(3):111-121
In an acid mining lake (pH 2.6) enclosure experiments wereperformed with the addition of different concentrations oforganic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. SSCP-communityfingerprints, based on 16S rRNA gene amplicons, were performed tomonitor changes in the structure of the total bacterialcommunity and the sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) in themesocosms. Total bacterial cell counts, as assessed byepifluorescence microscopy, were increased in the mesocosmsamended with organic carbon. The addition of carbon alsoincreased the number of abundant bacterial taxa substantiallyalong depth. Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) could be detected inall enclosures and all parts of the water column. These SRBbelonged to genus Desulfobacter as indicated bycoroborating molecular data. 相似文献
33.
Katrin Wendt-Potthoff René Frömmichen Peter Herzsprung Matthias Koschorreck 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2002,2(3):81-96
To elucidate the role of Fe(III) reduction in mining lake sediments amended with organic substrates, we performed a large (10 m diameter) enclosure experiment in which sediments were amended with Carbokalk, a waste product from sugar industry containing organic carbon and lime. Fe(III) reduction rates were determined monthly by measuring the accumulation of Fe(II) in the sediments in the field. Fe(III) reduction rates were also determined by incubating sediment samples with synthetic Fe(III) oxyhydroxide under in situ temperature in the laboratory. Sulfate reduction was selectively inhibited in the Fe(III) reduction experiments by addition of sodium molybdate. Sulfate reduction was measured by accumulation of reduced inorganic sulfides in the field and by 35S radiotracer using a core injection technique. Sediment incubation and determination of sulfate reduction rates with radiotracer showed that sulfate reduction and direct microbial Fe(III) reduction occured simultaneously in the upper centimeters of the sediments and that both processes contributed to alkalinity generation. However, Fe(III) reduction was the initial process and rates were at least 3.5 fold higher than sulfate reduction rates. The results indicate that the presence of suitable anions for Fe(II) precipitation as carbonate or sulfide is needed in order to prevent loss of potential alkalinity by Fe(II) diffusion and reoxidation in the water column. 相似文献
34.
Anne Grete Straume Russel N. Dietz Ernest Ndri Koffì Katrin Nodop 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》1998,32(24):227
Five studies of the background level of several perfluorocarbon compounds in Europe are here presented together with measurements from the European Tracer Experiment (ETEX). The tracers used during the two ETEX tracer releases were the perfluorocarbons (PFCs); perfluoromethylcyclohexane (C7F14, PMCH) and perfluoromethylcyclopentane (C6F12, PMCP). Their background concentrations were detected by using both passive and active sampling techniques, to define the spatial and temporal variation of the PFCs over Europe. Also the background variations of four isomers of the PFC compound perfluorodimethylcyclohexane (C8F16, PDCH) were studied. The results were compared to other PFC tracer studies in the U.S.A. and Europe. The mean and median values of the measured PFCs were found to vary slightly and randomly in space and time. They were found to be higher and to have a larger standard deviation than the measurements from the American studies. The background concentrations were still found to be low and stable enough for PFCs to be highly suitable for use in tracer studies. The following concentrations were found: PMCP; 4.6±0.3 fl ℓ-1, PMCH: 4.6±0.8 fl ℓ-1, ocPDCH: 0.96±0.33 fl ℓ-1, mtPDCH: 9.3±0.8 fl ℓ-1, mcPDCH: 8.8±0.8 fl ℓ-1, ptPDCH: 6.1±0.8 fl ℓ-1. A study of the correlation between the measured PFC compounds showed a significant correlation between most of the compounds, which indicate that there are no major PFC sources in Europe. 相似文献
35.
Alastair Franke Knud Falk Kevin Hawkshaw Skip Ambrose David L. Anderson Peter J. Bente Travis Booms Kurt K. Burnham Suzanne Carrire Johan Ekenstedt Ivan Fufachev Sergey Ganusevich Kenneth Johansen Jeff A. Johnson Sergey Kharitonov Pertti Koskimies Olga Kulikova Peter Lindberg Berth-Ove Lindstrm William G. Mattox Carol L. McIntyre Svetlana Mechnikova Dave Mossop Sren Mller lafur K. Nielsen Tuomo Ollila Arve stlyngen Ivan Pokrovsky Kim Poole Marco Restani Bryce W. Robinson Robert Rosenfield Aleksandr Sokolov Vasiliy Sokolov Ted Swem Katrin Vorkamp 《Ambio》2020,49(3):784-785
While collating contributions and comments from 36 researchers, the coordinating authors accidentally omitted Dr. Suzanne Carrière from the list of contributing co-authors. Dr. Carrière’s data are described in Tables 1 and 3, Figure 2 and several places in the narrative. The new author list is thus updated in this article. 相似文献
36.
Distinctive effects of nano-sized permethrin in the environment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
R. S. Suresh Kumar P. J. Shiny C. H. Anjali Jayakumar Jerobin Katrin Margulis Goshen Shlomo Magdassi Amitava Mukherjee N. Chandrasekaran 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(4):2593-2602
Pesticides are an essential tool in integrated pest management. Nanopermethrin was prepared by solvent evaporation from an oil-in-water volatile microemulsion. The efficacy of the formulated nanopermethrin was tested against Aedes aegypti and the results compared to those of regular, microparticular permethrin. The 24 h LC50 for nanopermethrin and permethrin was found to be 0.0063 and 0.0199 mg/L, respectively. The formulated nanopermethrin was tested for toxicity against non-target organisms. Nanopermethrin did not show antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (ATCC 13534 and 25922) or against Bacillus subtilis. Phytotoxicity studies of nanopermethrin to the seeds of Lycopersicum esculentum, Cucumis sativus, and Zea mays showed no restraint in root length and germination percentage. In the Allium cepa test, regular microparticular permethrin treatment of 0.13 mg/L showed a mitotic index (MI) of 46.8 % and chromosomal aberration of 0.6 %, which was statistically significant (p?<?0.05) compared to control. No significant differences were observed in 0.13 mg/L nanopermethrin exposure as compared to control (MI of 52.0 and 55.03 % and chromosomal aberration of 0.2 and 0 %, respectively). It was concluded that formulated nanopermethrin can be used as a safe and effectual alternative to commercially available permethrin formulation in agricultural practices. 相似文献
37.
Pimp Your Landscape: A Tool for Qualitative Evaluation of the Effects of Regional Planning Measures on Ecosystem Services 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The article presents the platform “Pimp your landscape” (PYL), which aims firstly at the support of planners by simulating
alternative land-use scenarios and by an evaluation of benefits or risks for regionally important ecosystem services. Second,
PYL supports an integration of information on environmental and landscape conditions into impact assessment. Third, PYL supports
the integration of impacts of planning measures on ecosystem services. PYL is a modified 2-D cellular automaton with GIS features.
The cells have the major attribute “land-use type” and can be supplemented with additional information, such as specifics
regarding geology, topography and climate. The GIS features support the delineation of non-cellular infrastructural elements,
such as roads or water bodies. An evaluation matrix represents the core element of the system. In this matrix, values in a
relative scale from 0 (lowest value) to 100 (highest value) are assigned to the land-use types and infrastructural elements
depending on their effect on ecosystem services. The option to configure rules for describing the impact of environmental
attributes and proximity effects on cell values and land-use transition probabilities is of particular importance. User interface
and usage of the platform are demonstrated by an application case. Constraints and limits of the recent version are discussed,
including the need to consider in the evaluation, landscape-structure aspects such as patch size, fragmentation and spatial
connectivity. Regarding the further development, it is planned to include the impact of land management practices to support
climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies in regional planning. 相似文献
38.
Katrin Prager 《Environmental management》2010,46(5):711-724
Although collaboration and multi-stakeholder partnerships have become a common feature in natural resource management throughout
the world, various problems are associated with attempts to up-scale community-based natural resource management from the
local to the regional level. To analyze the reasons behind these problems, this article reports on two examples of collaboratives
in Australia: local Landcare groups, and regional natural resource management (NRM) bodies. Recent government-induced changes
have shifted the focus from local Landcare group action to strategic planning and implementation by regional NRM bodies. Two
typologies of collaboratives are applied to analyze the characteristics of both these groups. The study uses data from 52
qualitative interviews with key informants at the local and regional level in Victoria and Tasmania, participant observation,
as well as literature and document analysis. The article illustrates how the groups’ distinct characteristics can cause conflicts
when the different types of collaboratives operate in parallel. In addition, the article reports how stakeholders perceive
the level of community participation in decision-making processes. The key message is that the benefits of community participation
and collaboration that arise at the local level can be lost when these approaches are up-scaled to the regional level unless
there is an intermediary or ‘mediating structure’ to facilitate communication and create the link between different types
of collaboratives. 相似文献
39.
Ralf Zimmermann Fabian Mühlberger Katrin Fuhrer Marc Gonin Werner Welthagen 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2008,10(1):24-31
A recently developed novel intense rare-gas excimer vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light source, the electron beam-pumped excimer
lamp (EBEL), has been applied to the soft single-photon ionization (SPI) of organic molecules in a compact orthogonal acceleration
time-of-flight mass spectrometer (oaTOFMS). The SPI-oaTOFMS system was applied to the on-line monitoring of tobacco smoke. With this setup, it was possible to analyze the composition
of individual puffs of cigarette smoke. Furthermore, a gas chromatograph (GC) was coupled to the EBEL SPIoaTOFMS system. Soft photo-ionization represents an additional separation dimension. By combination of the gas chromatographic
and the soft-ionization mass spectroscopic separation dimensions, a truly multidimensional comprehensive analytical method
could be derived. 相似文献
40.
Katrin Brauch Keith Hodges Antje Engelhardt Kerstin Fuhrmann Eric Shaw Michael Heistermann 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(9):1453-1466
In a wide variety of species, male reproductive success is determined by contest for access to females. Among multi-male primate
groups, however, factors in addition to male competitive ability may also influence paternity outcome, although their exact
nature and force is still largely unclear. Here, we have investigated in a group of free-ranging Barbary macaques whether
paternity is determined on the pre- or postcopulatory level and how male competitive ability and female direct mate choice
during the female fertile phase are related to male reproductive success. Behavioural observations were combined with faecal
hormone analysis for timing of the fertile phase (13 cycles, 8 females) and genetic paternity analysis (n = 12). During the fertile phase, complete monopolisation of females did not occur. Females were consorted for only 49% of
observation time, and all females had ejaculatory copulations with several males. Thus, in all cases, paternity was determined
on the postcopulatory level. More than 80% of infants were sired by high-ranking males, and this reproductive skew was related
to both, male competitive ability and female direct mate choice as high-ranking males spent more time in consort with females
than low-ranking males, and females solicited copulations mainly from dominant males. As most ejaculatory copulations were
female-initiated, female direct mate choice appeared to have the highest impact on male reproductive success. However, female
preference was not directly translated into paternity, as fathers were not preferred over non-fathers in terms of solicitation,
consortship and mating behaviour. Collectively, our data show that in the Barbary macaque, both sexes significantly influence
male mating success, but that sperm of several males generally compete within the female reproductive tract and that therefore
paternity is determined by mechanisms operating at the postcopulatory level. 相似文献