Ultrasound enhanced activation of peroxydisulfate by activated carbon fiber for decolorization of azo dye

Activated carbon fiber (ACF) has become an emerging activator for peroxydisulfate (PDS) to generate sulfate radical (SO₄^??). However, the relative low activation efficiency and poor contaminant mineralization limited its widespread application. Herein, ultrasound (US) was introduced to the ACF activated PDS system, and the synergistic effect of US and ACF in PDS activation and the enhancement of contaminant mineralization were investigated. The synergistic effect of US and ACF was observed in the PDS activation to decolorize orange G (OG). The decolorization efficiency increased with increasing ACF loading and US power, and PDS/OG ratio from 1 to 40. The activation energy was determined to be 24.065 kJ/mol. The radical-induced decolorization of OG took place on the surface of ACF, and both SO₄^?? and hydroxyl radical (^?OH) contributed to OG decolorization. The azo bond and naphthalene ring on OG were destructed to other aromatic intermediates and finally mineralized to CO₂ and H₂O. The introduction of US in the ACF/PDS system significantly enhanced the mineralization of OG. The combination of US and PDS was highly efficient to activate PDS to decolorize azo dyes. Moreover, the introduction of US remarkably improved the contaminant mineralization.     

Determinants of Farmland Abandonment on the Urban–Rural Fringe

Environmental Management - China’s urban explosion has resulted in a substantial loss of agricultural production on the fringes of many cities. Farmland is not only converted into urban uses...     

电子垃圾拆解地周边土壤中二(口恶)英和二(口恶)英类多氯联苯的浓度水平

采集了电子垃圾拆解地周边125个点位的151个土壤样品,分析了土壤中4~8氯代二噁英和二噁英类多氯联苯的浓度.表层土壤样品中总二噁英的浓度范围为280~7 010 pg·g-1,平均浓度为1 380 pg·g-1.中层和深层土壤样品中总二噁英的平均浓度分别为表土的63%和38%.表土样品中二噁英毒性当量浓度(以I-TEQ计)范围为1.4~94.8 pg·g-1.根据德国关于毒性当量浓度的指导方针,125个土壤样品中只有19个(15%)可以被认为对人体健康无害,其余85%的土壤需要调查二噁英的来源.如果考虑多氯联苯对毒性当量的贡献,则有98%的土壤需要调查二噁英的来源.主因子分析被用来调查这一地区二噁英的排放源.通过对土壤中二噁英的同系物分布进行分析,发现拆解活动是这一地区热过程二噁英的主要排放源,也是这一地区土壤中二噁英的主要来源.     

填料生物滴滤池处理餐厨废水性能研究

为进一步探讨不同生化处理餐厨废水的优缺点,采用生物滴滤池工艺处理相对较低污染的餐厨废水,以提高其处理效果。实验通过研究滴滤池内不同填料,考察了对污染物去除效果,中试结果表明,在反应器启动并稳定运行后,该生物滴滤池对COD、氨氮、总氮和总磷去除率分别为85％、80％、60％和50％,结果表明了不同填料的生物滴滤池均能有效降解餐厨废水,且以松枝处理效果最佳。     

地下水环境影响评价研究

人类在生产、生活过程中产生的废、污水一般不直接排入地下水中,加上水文地质条件的复杂性,地下水环评始终是一个难点,地下水环境影响评价的内容、方法具有一定的专业性,做好相关环评工作,需要相关人员对水文地质基础知识有一个基本的了解,本文对地下水环境影响评价的内容、工作程序和要求进行综合分析探讨,目的在于弄清地下水环境影响评价的基本方法和内容,对各种水文地质条件下的地下水环境影响评价工作起到一定的指导作用。     

Spatial and temporal distribution of the cloud optical depth over China based on MODIS satellite data during 2003–2016

The cloud optical depth(COD) is one of the important parameters used to characterize atmospheric clouds. We analyzed the seasonal variations in the COD over East Asia in 2011 using cloud mode data from the AERONET(Aerosol Robotic Network) ground-based observational network. The applicability of the MODIS(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) COD product was verified and compared with the AERONET cloud mode dataset. There was a good correlation between the AERONET and the MODIS. The spatial and temporal distribution and trends in the COD over China were then analyzed using MODIS satellite data from 2003 to 2016. The seasonal changes in the AERONET data and the time sequence variation of the satellite data suggest that the seasonal variations in the COD are significant. The result shows that the COD first decreases and then increases with the season in northern China, and reaches the maximum in summer and minimum in winter.However, the spatial distribution change is just the opposite in southern China. The spatial variation trend shows the COD in China decreases first with time and gradually increases after 2014. And the trend of COD in the western and central China is consistent with that in China. While the trend of COD shows a continuously increasing over time in northeast China and the Pearl River Delta.     

绿茶中28种元素含量测定的消解条件比较

前处理条件对准确测定样品中多矿质元素含量至关重要,本研究设置4种酸消解体系(HNO_3、HNO_3-H_2O_2、HNO_3-HF、HNO_3-HF-H_2O_2)及5组消解温度(100～120℃、100～120～140℃、100～130～150℃、100～130～160℃、100～120～140～160～180℃),探究不同消解条件对绿茶标准物质GBW10052中28种多元素浓度的影响。结果表明,不同酸消解体系及消解温度下的各元素浓度均有差异,相比Ca、K、Fe、Mg、Na等主量元素,As、Cr、Cs、Cd、Li、Ni、Se、Rb、Tb、Th、Tl、U、V、Y等微量及痕量元素浓度变化更显著。HNO_3中各元素浓度最低,14个元素的相对误差(Relative error,RE)大于25%;混合酸消解效果较好,相比于HNO_3,混合酸中大部分元素浓度更接近参考值。HNO_3-H_2O_2中,除Mo、U、Se、V、Si、Pb外,其余元素浓度增大,RE减小; HNO_3-HF中U、V、Si、Li、Zn、Sr、Cr等浓度继续增大,RE持续减小,As、Pb、Cd等浓度减小,RE增大; HNO_3-HF-H_2O_2中As、Pb、Cd等持续更减小,RE增大,其余元素浓度更接近参考值,与HNO_3-HF相比,HNO_3-HF-H_2O_2中各元素RE减小,但变化不显著。升温能促进溶液中部分多元素消解,以HNO_3-HF-H_2O_2为例,消解温度为100～140℃的体系对获取主量元素更有利;高温消解对微量及痕量元素影响较大,尤其是As、Pb、Cd、Cr等易挥发元素,当温度超过140℃时,As、Pb、Cd、Cr亏损严重,RE均高于25%。因此,应该根据目标元素选择相应的消解条件,从而提高分析结果的准确性。     

微波强化铁碳-双氧水体系处理填埋场渗滤液膜滤浓缩液研究

为了探讨微波(MW)/铁碳(Fe-C)/H_2O_2类芬顿反应对填埋场渗滤液膜滤浓缩液(简称"渗滤液浓缩液")中难降解有机物,系统研究了双氧水投量、Fe-C投量、初始pH值、微波输出功率和反应时间对浓缩液中有机污染物的去除规律,通过类比实验研究了MW/Fe-C/H_2O_2体系的反应协同作用;此外,采用紫外-可见和三维荧光光谱表征了浓缩液中溶解性有机物的分子结构变化;最后,利用SEM-EDS和XRD等表征对反应前后的Fe-C材料的催化机理进行了解析.结果表明,在双氧水投量为10 mL·L~(-1),Fe-C投量0.8 g·L~(-1),初始pH值为3,微波输出功率为450 W,反应时间为12 min时,其COD、腐殖质和色度的去除率达到了70.06%、94.61%和98.86%.与此同时,控制实验表明MW/Fe-C/H_2O_2具有较强的协同作用,且对有机物的降解效果远好于其他体系.经过MW/Fe-C/H_2O_2体系处理后,浓缩液中溶解性有机物的芳香性程度和腐殖质缩合度逐渐降低,并且腐殖质等大分子难降解有机物大幅去除,可生化性(BOD/COD值)也大幅提升.一方面,Fe-C材料包含了多种铁基氧化物等活性物质可与H_2O_2形成非均相芬顿反应;另一方面,在酸性条件下铁缓释淋滤产生的铁离子会与H_2O_2形成芬顿反应.并且,微波辐射作用可一定程度上强化上述过程,从而加速了有机物的去除.因此,MW/Fe-C/H_2O_2体系能够快速高效的对渗滤液浓缩液进行预处理,研究为高浓度有机废水的处理提供了借鉴.     

UV/氯降解铜络合物的特性与机理

本研究选取Cu-EDTA、Cu-NTA、Cu-柠檬酸和Cu-酒石酸4种典型的铜络合物来探讨UV/氯工艺在酸性和中性条件下降解重金属络合污染物的潜力,并以Cu-EDTA为代表物详细考察了[NaClO]_0/[Cu]_0(物质的量比)、初始溶液pH值和NO~-_3、SO■等共存物质对UV/氯破络性能的影响.结果表明,UV/氯对多种铜络合物具有高效的氧化破络能力,可将Cu浓度从初始的19.2 mg·L~(-1)降至1.0 mg·L~(-1)以下.在[NaClO]_0/[Cu]_0为60、初始溶液pH为3.0～5.0的条件下, UV/氯对Cu-EDTA的破络效果较好,Cu和TOC的去除率分别高于95%和70%,但共存的NO~-_3、SO■、Ca~(2+)和NOM对Cu-EDTA的破络有一定抑制作用.自由基捕获实验和竞争动力学研究结果表明,UV/氯通过HO·和Cl·两者的共同作用实现Cu-EDTA破络,在pH=5.0时的贡献分别为60%和40%.产物鉴定结果证明,Cu-EDTA降解为N—C键逐步断裂的脱羧过程,其中,—N—(CH_2—COOH)_2和—N—CH_2—CH_2—N—基团上的N—C键断开生成Cu-ED3A和Cu-NTA,分别贡献约80%和20%.UV/氯对实际络合铜废水仍具有良好的处理效果,Cu浓度由初始的20.4 mg·L~(-1)降至约1.0 mg·L~(-1).     

夏收时段农村大气亚微米颗粒物数浓度分布特征

为了从源区的角度研究华北平原夏收时段大气亚微米颗粒物粒径谱分布,采用扫描电迁移率粒径谱仪,于2017年6月对华北平原典型农村点位亚微米颗粒物数浓度进行连续观测.结果表明,观测期间大气亚微米颗粒物粒径分布主要集中在小于300nm处,平均数浓度为28371cm^-3.不同模态颗粒物数浓度分布差异明显,核模态（< 20nm）呈线性分布,爱根核模态（20~100nm）呈多项分布,积聚模态（>100nm）呈对数分布.48h后向轨迹聚类结果表明,观测点位气团受其东部的江苏省、山东省和安徽省生物质燃烧传输影响时,颗粒物总数浓度增加66.7%.潜在源贡献因子法和浓度权重轨迹法,表明潜在源区为观测点位以东的区域,且以粒径小于100nm的颗粒物为主.