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51.
Surface ozonation of polyvinyl chloride for its separation from waste plastic mixture by froth floatation 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Mallampati Srinivasa Reddy Tetsuji Okuda Keisuke Kurose Tsung-Yueh Tsai Satoshi Nakai Wataru Nishijima Mitsumasa Okada 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2010,12(4):326-331
Selective surface modification of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) by ozonation was evaluated to facilitate the separation of PVC
from other heavy plastics with almost the same density as PVC, especially polyethylene terephthalate (PET), by the froth flotation
process. The optimum froth flotation conditions were investigated, and it was found that at 40°C, 90% of PVC and PET plastics
floated. The bubble size became larger and the area covered with bubbles on the plastic surface was reduced with increasing
temperature. Optimum PVC separation was achieved with the flotation solution at 40°C and mixing at 180–200 rpm, even for sheet
samples 10 mm in size. Combined treatment by ozonation and froth flotation is a simple, effective, and inexpensive method
for PVC separation from waste plastics. 相似文献
52.
Hasegawa J Guruge KS Seike N Shirai Y Yamata T Nakamura M Handa H Yamanaka N Miyazaki S 《Chemosphere》2007,69(8):1188-1194
The present research was intended to determine the suitability of the CALUX assay as a screening method for dioxins in fish oil used as a feed ingredient in Japan. Alteration of TEQ in fish oil according to newly proposed toxic equivalency factors (TEF) is also discussed. In the analysis, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) in 41 fish oil samples were determined by using high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) and CALUX bioassay. The mean TEQ values derived from 1998 WHO-TEF of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs were 2.6 and 9.9 pg g(-1) (ww), respectively. The levels of TEQ derived from the recently re-evaluated 2005 WHO-TEF were slightly lower than those of the former in both groups. Notably, the contribution of mono-ortho DL-PCBs to total 2005 WHO-TEQ was considerably decreased compared to the case of 1998 WHO-TEQ, resulting from the reduction in its TEF values, while the non-ortho DL-PCBs contribution was increased. The mean TEQ determined by CALUX assay for PCDD/Fs was approximately three times higher, whereas DL-PCBs was approximately two times lower than WHO-TEQ determined by HRGC/HRMS; the sum of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs was very similar by both methods. The correlation coefficients of TEQ between the CALUX assay and HRGC/HRMS analysis were 0.84, 0.89, and 0.90 for PCDD/Fs, DL-PCBs, and the sum, respectively. These results suggest that the CALUX assay is a very useful method for the screening of dioxin-related compounds in fish oils. 相似文献
53.
54.
Jorge A.?ArgáezEmail author J.?Andrés Christen Miguel?Nakamura Jorge?Soberón 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2005,12(1):27-44
We introduce a methodology to infer zones of high potential for the habitat of a species, useful for management of biodiversity, conservation, biogeography, ecology, or sustainable use. Inference is based on a set of sites where the presence of the species has been reported. Each site is associated with covariate values, measured on discrete scales. We compute the predictive probability that the species is present at each node of a regular grid. Possible spatial bias for sites of presence is accounted for. Since the resulting posterior distribution does not have a closed form, a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm is implemented. However, we also describe an approximation to the posterior distribution, which avoids MCMC. Relevant features of the approach are that specific notions of data acquisition such as sampling intensity and detectability are accounted for, and that available a priori information regarding areas of distribution of the species is incorporated in a clear-cut way. These concepts, arising in the presence-only context, are not addressed in alternative methods. We also consider an uncertainty map, which measures the variability for the predictive probability at each node on the grid. A simulation study is carried out to test and compare our approach with other standard methods. Two case studies are also presented. 相似文献
55.
A case study of the regional transport ( approximately 3000 km) of radon-222 ((222)Rn) from continental North-East Asia to the Japanese islands was performed by numerical analysis using five separate source areas (South, Middle and North China, Russia and Korea), while a seasonal northwest wind blew over the Japan Sea. The results for three periods (Term I: 16-18, Term II: 22-25 and Term III: 27-28 in December 1990) were compared with concentrations measured at the Kanazawa site (near the coast of the Japan Sea facing the seasonal wind) and the Nagoya site (overland and downwind on the shores of the Pacific Ocean). Most of the (222)Rn at the Kanazawa site was calculated to come from North China and Korea in Term I, Middle China, North China, and Korea in Term II, and Russia and Korea in Term III. The considerable differences in the origins of (222)Rn emanated from the continent were estimated between Terms I, II and III, even though the similar northwest wind was dominant over the Japan Sea. A contour line analysis indicated movement of (222)Rn emanated from Middle China in a northerly direction first and then a southeasterly direction, resulting from low pressure. The results suggest that the low-pressure systems play an important role in the transport of (222)Rn in North-East Asia. 相似文献
56.
The work describes the uptake, retention/biological elimination and organ/tissue distribution of 137Cs by freshwater Japanese catfish (Silurus asotus Linnaeus) under laboratory conditions. The fish were divided into three groups based on their size and age and reared in 137Cs-spiked water. The concentration of 137Cs in the whole body of the live fish was measured at regular intervals up to 60 days. A significant accumulation of 137Cs was found, but a steady state condition was not achieved by the end of the experiment. The bioaccumulation factors at steady state and the required time to reach steady state were estimated to be 1.55 and 255 days, 1.76 and 180 days and 1.99 and 160 days for large, medium and small size fish, respectively. To determine the effective half-life of 137Cs, the fish were transferred and reared in the non-contaminated host water. The concentration of the remaining 137Cs in the whole body of the live fish was measured up to 66 days. The average effective half-life of 137Cs in the fish species was found to be approximately 142 days for fish of all sizes. The distribution of 137Cs in different organs/tissues of the fish was determined. Accumulation of 137Cs in muscle/flesh of the fish was found to be approximately 75% of whole body accumulation. The uptake rate and the retention capability of juvenile fish were found to be higher and therefore, these were more susceptible to 137Cs than adult and old fish, and could be an important source of 137Cs in the human food chain. 相似文献
57.
18S rRNA phylogeny of sea spiders with emphasis on the position of Rhynchothoracidae 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Koichiro?Nakamura Yasunori?KanoEmail author Nobuo?Suzuki Takashi?Namatame Akinori?Kosaku 《Marine Biology》2007,153(2):213-223
The phylogenetic relationships among all living families of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) are investigated using nearly
complete 18S rRNA sequences from 57 ingroup species and five chelicerates under the Bayesian and maximum likelihood methods.
Monophyly of Colossendeidae, Pycnogonidae, Phoxichilidiidae, Endeidae and Pallenopsidae is consistently supported. However,
the genera formerly classified in the family Ammotheidae are split up into two distantly related groups. The genera Ascorhynchus and Eurycyde (here recognized as Ascorhynchidae) are possibly an early offshoot of sea spiders, whereas other ammotheids constitute a
robust terminal clade with Pallenopsidae, Phoxichilidiidae and Endeidae. This topology also opposes the prevalent assumption
of successive losses and simplification of three kinds of cephalic appendages like in a previous cladistic analysis. At least
three independent losses are suggested for palps by the inferred topology, and both chelifores and female ovigers may have
been lost twice. Our knowledge of early ontogeny and internal anatomy is more congruent with the present 18S rRNA data. The
families Callipallenidae and Nymphonidae with unique “attaching larvae” are grouped together in present molecular trees, suggesting
that extended paternal care of offspring evolved only once in Pycnogonida. Confident clustering of Pycnogonidae and Rhynchothoracidae
indicates that the number of female genital pores is an evolutionary conservative character. 相似文献
58.
Yoshihiro Sagisaka Tamotsu Nakamura Kunio Hayakawa Itaru Ishibashi 《Journal of Manufacturing Processes》2013,15(1):96-101
It is required to replace the aluminum fluoride coating, which is a popular lubricant for aluminum alloy cold forging in Japan, with environmentally friendly lubricants, because the aluminum fluoride coating has high environmental risks and needs much expense. Evaluations of lubrication performance are necessary before lubricant replacement. The authors proposed new friction test based on combined forward spline-backward can extrusion. It can realize large surface expansion, which is a characteristic of aluminum cold forging. In the present paper, a double-layer-type environmentally friendly solid lubricant film and the aluminum fluoride coating were applied to a precipitation hardened aluminum alloy. The lubrication performance was evaluated by the friction test. The double-layer-type lubricant showed superior performance enough for the replacement. The effect of surface treatment applied to workpiece on the lubrication performance was also investigated. The surface asperity generated by a wet-blasting showed high pickup resistance and low friction. 相似文献
59.
T. Sekito Y. Dote K. Onoue H. Sakanakura K. Nakamura 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2014,34(9):1637-1643
Thermal treatment of municipal solid waste (MSW) has become a common practice in waste volume reduction and resource recovery. For the utilization of molten slag for construction materials and metal recovery, it is important to understand the behavior of heavy metals in the melting process. In this study, the correlation between the contents of elements in feed materials and MSW molten slag and their distributions in the ash melting process, including metal residues, are investigated. The hazardous metal contents in the molten slag were significantly related to the contents of metals in the feed materials. Therefore, the separation of products containing these metals in waste materials could be an effective means of producing environmentally safe molten slag with a low hazardous metals content. The distribution ratios of elements in the ash melting process were also determined. The elements Zn and Pb were found to have a distribution ratio of over 60% in fly ash from the melting furnace and the contents of these metals were also high; therefore, Zn and Pb could be potential target metals for recycling from fly ash from the melting furnace. Meanwhile, Cu, Ni, Mo, Sn, and Sb were found to have distribution ratios of over 60% in the metal residue. Therefore, metal residue could be a good resource for these metals, as the contents of Cu, Ni, Mo, Sn, and Sb in metal residue are higher than those in other output materials. 相似文献
60.
Life cycle of meats: an opportunity to abate the greenhouse gas emission from meat industry in Japan
Roy P Orikasa T Thammawong M Nakamura N Xu Q Shiina T 《Journal of environmental management》2012,93(1):218-224
The food industry is one of the world's largest industrial sectors, hence a large contributor of greenhouse gases (GHG) which cause global warming. This study evaluates the life cycle of various types of meat to determine if the GHG emission from the meat industry in Japan could be reduced if the population makes different dietary choices. It was confirmed that the GHG emission of beef was greater than that of pork or chicken. The GHG emission from meat in general also depends on the per capita caloric intake (if meat supplies the recommended animal protein or contributes to it at the present rate). In a healthy and balanced diet (9.2 MJ i.e., 2200 kcal in total, where either mixed meat or chicken or pork or beef contributes 2.2%), the GHG emission is estimated to be 0.28 or 0.17 or 0.15 or 0.77 kg CO? eq/person/day, respectively. A change in consumption patterns (from beef to chicken or pork) and the adoption of a healthy and balanced diet would help to abate about 2.5-54.0 million tons (CO? eq) produced by the meat industry each year in Japan. 相似文献