Spatiotemporal Variation of Karst Ecosystem Service Values and Its Correlation with Environmental Factors in Northwest Guangxi,China

In this investigation we analyzed the spatiotemporal variation of ecosystem service values (ESVs) and its correlation with numerous environmental factors (EFs) for the karst region of Northwest Guangxi, China, from 1985 to 2005 using remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS) and statistical techniques. The results indicate that historically ESVs for this karst region decreased from 1985 (109.652 billion Yuan) to 1990 (88.789 billion Yuan) and then increased at the turn of the twenty-first century. However, the ESVs in both 2000 (103.384 billion Yuan) and 2005 (106.257 billion Yuan) never achieved the level recorded in 1985. The total of nutrient cycling, organic production and gas regulation combined were 72.69, 64.57, 70.18 and 72.10% of ESVs in 1985, 1990, 2000 and 2005, respectively. In contrast, the ESVs of water conservation, soil reservation, recreation and culture were determined to be relatively low contributing only 17.44, 23.82, 19.26 and 24.76% of total ESVs, respectively, during these four years. With regards to the spatial distribution of ESVs, larger values were recorded in the west and smaller ones recorded in the east. The most significant factors that were deemed to influence ESVs are annual rainfall, per capita cropland, slope and vegetation coverage. Annual rainfall and slope exert a negative force, whereas per capita cropland and vegetation coverage exert a positive force on ESVs. The results of the study would suggest that ecosystem conditions of this important karst region have been improved as the result of the implementation of rocky desertification control policies.     

中国湿地与湿地自然保护区管理

<正>湿地是地球自然生态系统的重要组成部分,与森林和海洋相比,湿地生态系统更加脆弱,与人类的发展关系更为紧密,是人类社会生存和发展的重要自然资源。加强湿地保护对社会经济的可持续发展具有重要作用。中国是湿地大国,天然湿地总面     

Influence of the sewage irrigation on the agricultural soil properties in Tongliao City, China

Increasing shortages of fresh water has led to greater use of treated wastewater for irrigation of crops. This study evaluates the spatial variability of soil properties after irrigation with wastewater and freshwater. Geostatistical techniques were used to identify the variability of soil properties at the different sites. A set of physical and chemical soil properties were measured including total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), organic matter (OM) and soil moisture. The TN concentration levels varied from 567 to 700 mg·kg^-1, while OC levels ranged from 7.3 to 16.3 mg·kg^-1 in wastewater-irrigated zones. The concentration levels of TP were between 371.53 and 402.88 mg·kg^-1 for the wastewater-irrigated sites. Wastewater irrigation resulted in higher TN, TP and OM concentrations by 18.4%, 8% and 25%, respectively. The highest TN and OM occurred along the wastewater trunk. It was also observed that nitrogen concentrations correlate with the soil's organic matter. The increase of salinity may be associated with the increase of pH, which might suggest that a reduction of pH will be beneficial for plant growth due to the decrease of salinity. The average concentrations of nitrogen in topsoil were higher than those in subsurface soils in irrigated areas. Such differences of the N profile might be due to variations in organic matter content and microbial populations. Consistent with TN and OM, soil C:N decreased significantly with an increase of depth. This phenomenon possibly reflects a greater degree of breakdown and the older age of humus stored in the deeper soil layers. The analysis of pH levels at different depths for the three sites showed that pH values for wastewater irrigation were slightly lower than the controlled sites at the same depths.     

桂西北喀斯特区原生林与次生林凋落物及养分归还特征比较

森林凋落物是森林生态系统的重要组成成分,其养分归还量在一定程度上决定着土壤养分有效性的高低。在土层浅薄且土被很不连续的我国喀斯特区域进行凋落物生物量及养分归还研究对我们更深刻地了解该区养分循环具有至关重要的意义。本文比较分析了桂西北喀斯特区3种原生林与3种次生林的全年凋落物量、组成、月凋落物量动态及养分归还量与动态。结果表明,圆果化香（Platycarya longipes Wu）、大叶蚊母树（Distylium Sieb．e tZucc．）与青檀（Pteroceltis tatarinowii Maxim．）3种原生林的年凋落物总量分别为2342．16,4057．99和1834．36k·hm～,而圆叶乌桕（Sapium romndifolium Hemsl．）、八角枫似langium chinense（Lour．）Harms）和黄荆（Vitex negundoL．）3种次生林的年凋落物总量分别为3192．82,3284．26,2469．90kg.hm-2,除大叶蚊母树外,次生林年凋落物总量大于原生林。凋落物的组成中,叶凋落生物量均占总凋落物量的80％左右,甚至更高,而圆叶乌桕、八角枫和黄荆3种次生林群落的叶凋落物量占总凋落物量的百分比大于圆果化香、大叶蚊母树以及青檀3种原生林。凋落物的养分归还量的月动态与凋落物量的月动态一致,原生林呈“u”形曲线,而次生林则呈“w”形曲线。原生林和次生林凋落物的年养分归还量均为C〉N〉K〉P,且次生林的c、N、P养分的归还量大于原生林。     

生物质炭对溶液中Cd~(2+)的吸附

以玉米秸秆、稻壳在350~500℃制成的生物质炭作为吸附剂,研究其对溶液中Cd2+的吸附特性。通过模拟实验,考察了初始p H、生物质炭用量、吸附时间和Cd2+的起始浓度对吸附的影响。结果表明,2种生物质炭对Cd2+的吸附反应适应p H范围较宽(4.0~7.0);玉米秸秆炭和稻壳炭对Cd2+的吸附速度较快,分别在10和20 min时达到吸附平衡;玉米秸秆炭对溶液中Cd2+的吸附遵循Langmuir等温线模型,而稻壳炭对Cd2+的吸附遵循Freundlich等温线模型。在实验设定的条件下,玉米秸秆炭对溶液中Cd2+的吸附能力强于稻壳炭。     

湖南省水旱灾害与暴雨径流资源的调控

通过对湖南省1950～2002年水旱灾情、1954～1998年降水量的统计,结合流域自然条件和水利现状综合分析表明:湖南省山丘区水旱灾害交替演进日趋明显,洞庭湖区外洪内涝交织频繁,农村饮水困难人口数量不断增多。7～9月降水量占全年降水量的20%,而4～9月降水量占69%,且多以暴雨形式出现,这一降水特点是导致水安全问题的症结所在。因此,必须充分利用山区有利地形修筑拦蓄小型工程,全方位建设生态环境,挖掘水库群的防洪兴利潜力和提高大型水库的调度水平等措施,调控4～8月的暴雨径流,以减轻水旱灾害,满足供水、发电、航运等方面的需水要求。     

Inter-annual and intra-annual variations in water quality and its response to water-level fluctuations in a river-connected lake,Dongting Lake,China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The hydrological conditions of river-connected lakes are complex primarily owing to their considerable water-level fluctuations (WLFs). Water quality...     

稻壳活性炭对活性艳蓝KN-R的脱色研究

将稻壳在微波条件下制备成活性炭吸附剂,研究其对活性艳蓝KN-R的吸附特性。通过静态实验,考察了pH值、温度、时间、溶液起始浓度和吸附剂用量对吸附过程的影响。结果表明,当pH为2和12时吸附效果较好,最大吸附量分别为303.03、384.62 mg/g;随着温度的升高,达到吸附平衡的时间缩短;等温吸附过程可以用Langmuir方程来描述;动力学实验表明,吸附过程更符合拟二级动力学模型;热力学数据分析发现,吸附过程是自发进行的吸热过程。     

桂西北喀斯特地区3种灌木群落土壤有机层特征

研究了桂西北喀斯特地区植被自然恢复过程中分别处于不同演替阶段的3种灌木群落土壤有机层(OL)与表层土壤(表土,TS)的基本物理与化学特征.结果表明:(1)有机层干物质现存量为乔灌丛(5 478.96 kg hm2)>藤刺灌丛(4538.99 kg hm2)>灌丛(3 665.37 kg hm2);有机层与表土含水量分别为乔灌丛>藤刺灌丛>灌丛、乔灌丛>灌丛>藤刺灌丛.(2)总有机碳(TOC)、全氮(TN)在有机层中的含量基本为未分解层>分解层,全磷(TP)、全钾(TK)则相反;有机层的TN、TP释放回归速率主要受到凋落物质量的限制,而环境因素的影响相对次要;P素的回归周期最长,是养分归还的限制因素.(3)有机层中的TN贮量依演替阶段从低到高而降低,TP与TK贮量群落间相差不大,但表土与有机层中的养分库格局规律并不一致,在表土中层各养分无素贮量基本上均以乔灌丛最高,即随着群落的正向演替,养分在土壤中的累积基本呈增加的趋势.图1表3参25