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401.
George M. Hornberger Mahlon G. Kelly 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1972,8(4):795-801
ABSTRACT. A promising technique for recognition of early stages of cultural eutrophication relies on determining production and respiration in streams. The most successful and most widely used method of estimating production of a segment of a stream is the upstream-downstream, diurnal curve method introduced by Odum [1956]. This technique is equivalent to obtaining an approximate solution to the oxygen balance equation. We report here an exact solution of the balance equation as a method for calculating primary production. Data presented by Owens [1966] are analyzed; effects of depth and oxygen saturation are studied. A major advantage of the method described here is that continuous temporal variation of net production may be rigorously handled. The method is shown to be well suited to our ultimate goal of studying energy budgets of streams, and thereby the eutrophication process. 相似文献
402.
Laura Y. Sifuentes David W. Koenig Ronnie L. Phillips Kelly A. Reynolds Charles P. Gerba 《Food and environmental virology》2014,6(3):175-181
The goals of this study were to observe the spread of viruses in a hotel setting and to assess the effectiveness of a hygiene intervention in reducing their spread. Selected fomites in one hotel room were inoculated with bacteriophage ?x-174, and fomites in a conference center within the same hotel were inoculated using bacteriophage MS2. Cleaning of the contaminated room resulted in the spread of viruses to other rooms by the housekeeping staff. Furthermore, viruses were transferred by hotel guests to the conference center and a communal kitchen area. Additionally, conference attendees transferred viruses from the conference center to their hotel rooms and a communal kitchen area. This study demonstrated how viruses can be spread throughout a hotel setting by both housekeepers and guests. A hygiene intervention, which included providing hand hygiene products and facial tissues to the guests and disinfecting solutions with disposable wipes to the housekeeping staff, was successful in reducing the spread of viruses between the hotel guest rooms and conference center. The hygiene intervention resulted in significantly reduced transfer of the ?x-174 between the contaminated hotel room and other hotel rooms, communal areas, and the conference center (p = 0.02). 相似文献
403.
The Arctic is an epicenter of complex environmental and socioeconomic change. Strengthened connections between Arctic and non-Arctic systems could threaten or enhance Arctic sustainability, but studies of external influences on the Arctic are scattered and fragmented in academic literature. Here, we review and synthesize how external influences have been analyzed in Arctic-coupled human and natural systems (CHANS) literature. Results show that the Arctic is affected by numerous external influences nearby and faraway, including global markets, climate change, governance, military security, and tourism. However, apart from climate change, these connections are infrequently the focus of Arctic CHANS analyses. We demonstrate how Arctic CHANS research could be enhanced and research gaps could be filled using the holistic framework of metacoupling (human–nature interactions within as well as between adjacent and distant systems). Our perspectives provide new approaches to enhance the sustainability of Arctic systems in an interconnected world.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-022-01729-9. 相似文献
404.
Maryam Kalantarnia Faisal Khan Kelly Hawboldt 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2009,22(5):600-606
To ensure the safety of a process system, engineers use different methods to identify the potential hazards that may cause severe consequences. One of the most popular methods used is quantitative risk assessment (QRA) which quantifies the risk associated with a particular process activity. One of QRA's major disadvantages is its inability to update risk during the life of a process. As the process operates, abnormal events will result in incidents and near misses. These events are often called accident precursors. A conventional QRA process is unable to use the accident precursor information to revise the risk profile. To overcome this, a methodology has been proposed based on the work of Meel and Seider (2006). Similar to Meel and Seider (2006) work, this methodology uses Bayesian theory to update the likelihood of the event occurrence and also failure probability of the safety system. In this paper the proposed methodology is outlined and its application is demonstrated using a simple case study. First, potential accident scenarios are identified and represented in terms of an event tree, next, using the event tree and available failure data end-state probabilities are estimated. Subsequently, using the available accident precursor data, safety system failure likelihood and event tree end-state probabilities are revised. The methodology has been simulated using deterministic (point value) as well as probabilistic approach. This Methodology is applied to a case study demonstrating a storage tank containing highly hazardous chemicals. The comparison between conventional QRA and the results from dynamic failure assessment approach shows the significant deviation in system failure frequency throughout the life time of the process unit. 相似文献
405.
Identifying the cause of toxicity in an algal whole effluent toxicity study - an unanticipated toxicant 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Toxicity was observed in whole effluent toxicity (WET) studies with the freshwater alga, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, in three consecutive monthly studies, (NOEC = 50-75%). Toxicity was not observed to Ceriodaphnia dubia or the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas in concurrent studies. Selected toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) tests were conducted in a tiered approach to eliminate possible toxicants and progressively identify the causative agent. Filtration following alkaline adjustment (pH 10 or 11) was effective in eliminating significant growth effects and also reduced phosphate concentration. The TIE studies confirmed that the observed effluent toxicity was caused by excess ortho-phosphate in the effluent not by overstimulation or related to unfavorable N:P ratios; but due to direct toxicity. The 96-h 25% inhibition concentration (IC25) of ortho-phosphate to P. subcapitata was 3.4 mg L−1 while the maximum acceptable toxicant concentration was 4.8 mg L−1. This study illustrates the value of multi-species testing and also provides an example of an effective TIE using algae identifying an unanticipated toxicant. 相似文献
406.
Pedro Mayor Hani R. El Bizri Thais Q. Morcatty Kelly Moya Nora Bendayán Samantha Solis Carlos F. A. Vasconcelos Neto Maire Kirkland Omar Arevalo Tula G. Fang Pedro E. Pérez-Peña Richard E. Bodmer 《Conservation biology》2022,36(2):e13801
The trade in wild meat is an important economic component of rural people's livelihoods, but it has been perceived to be among the main causes of the decline of wildlife species. Recently, the COVID-19 pandemic has brought to light an additional concern of wildlife markets as a major human-health challenge. We analyzed data from the largest longitudinal monitoring (1973–2018) of the most important urban wild-meat markets in Iquitos, Peru, to examine the trends in and impacts of these markets on people's livelihoods. Over the last 45 years, wild meat sales increased at a rate of 6.4 t/year (SD 2.17), paralleling urban population growth. Wild meat sales were highest in 2018 (442 t), contributing US$2.6 million (0.76%) to the regional gross domestic product. Five species of ungulates and rodents accounted for 88.5% of the amount of biomass traded. Vulnerable and Endangered species represented 7.0% and 0.4% of individuals sold, respectively. Despite growth in sales, the contribution of wild meat to overall urban diet was constant: 1–2%/year of total meat consumed. This result was due to greater availability and higher consumption of cheaper meats (e.g., in 2018, poultry was 45.8% cheaper and was the most consumed meat) coupled with the lack of economic incentives to harvest wild meat species in rural areas. Most wild meat was sold salted or smoked, reducing the likelihood of foodborne diseases. Community-based wildlife management plans and the continued trade bans on primates and threatened taxa may avoid biodiversity loss. Considering the recent COVID-19 pandemic, future management plans should include potential viral hosts and regulation and enforcement of hygiene practices in wild-meat markets. 相似文献
407.
Schirmer Waldir Nagel dos Santos Liliana Andréa Martins Kelly Geronazzo Gueri Matheus Vitor Diniz Jucá José Fernando Thomé 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2023,25(5):2887-2899
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes is a well-established process for biogas production and various forms of... 相似文献
408.
Davis Lodinikki Lemoy Aragão Walessa Alana Bragança de Oliveira Lopes Géssica Eiró Luciana Guimaraes Freire Alexandre Rodrigues Prado Felippe Bevilacqua Rossi Ana Cláudia da Silva Cruz Allan das Graças Fernandes Dantas Kelly Albuquerque Alan Rodrigo Leal Paz Simone Patricia Aranha Angélica Rômulo Simões Lima Rafael Rodrigues 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(10):13930-13940
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - There are a few data relating to the effects of lead (Pb) exposure on the alveolar bone, which has very distinct morphophysiological characteristics... 相似文献