废旧家电逆向物流构建模式的经济模型分析

以生产者延伸责任制为基本前提,将目前的废旧家电逆向物流模式划分为3类：制造商独立回收模式、联合回收模式、委托代理回收模式。基于7个假设条件,构建了制造商独立回收模式和委托代理回收模式的利润函数模型,通过制造商最优利润函数的分析比较,提出了制造商对不同回收模式的选择。基于模型,探讨了影响利润函数的三方面因素：原材料价格、使用回收材料的成本和企业规模、实力、技术、管理等综合要素,并在此基础上提出了废旧家电逆向物流体系的动态优化概念模型。WHARL的构建决策分析是基于家电制造商的角度进行的,模型中最优利润函数均在理想的市场均衡条件下求得,并未考虑不完全竞争等非市场因素。而实践表明,非正规回收处理市场的存在已经成为WHARL构建的最大阻碍。     

Environmental courses require a common core

Shirley Ali Khan is the Director of the Environmental Responsibility Centre at the University of Hertfordshire, and Dr Stephen Martin is a Senior Executive of COUNTEC, Milton Keynes, UK.     

Determining the role of humic substances in the fate of pesticides in the environment

Abstract

The data presented in this paper emphasize that the behavior and fate of pesticides in the environment is influenced by humic substances. Various methods most frequently used for the characterization of humic substances are discussed. Both humic acid and fulvic acid can solubilize in water certain organic compounds and are important carriers of some pesticides in soil. Humic substances have the potential for promoting the nonbiological degradation of many pesticides. Several methods of bleaching humus color from drinking water, including chlorination, ozonation, and UV‐radiation, are described. Finally, the photochemical stability to UV‐radiation of certain pesticides in aqueous fulvic acid solution is discussed.     

Study on the Thermo-Mechanical and Biodegradable Properties of Shellac Films Grafted with Acrylic Monomers by Gamma Radiation

Shellac (SL) films were prepared by casting and were grafted with various acrylic monomers of different functionalities using gamma radiation. Different formulations of shellac with varying concentrations (3, 5 and 7%) of these acrylic monomers such as 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (EHA) and 1,4-butanediol diacrylate (BDDA) in methanol were prepared. The pure shellac and other treated films were then irradiated under gamma radiation (Co-60) at different doses (0.5–5 kGy) at a dose rate of 3.5 kGy/h where 1 Gy = 1 J/kg = 100 rads. The mechanical properties like tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (Eb) of the prepared films were studied. The mechanical properties of the irradiated shellac films demonstrated superior values. Among the formulations, shellac grafted with BDDA (SL-g-BDDA) showed the highest TS and Eb values which were 543 and 168% higher than those of raw shellac films, respectively. The water uptake behavior of raw and treated films was also studied. The raw film showed 11% water uptake but HEMA containing film showed 67%. In the soil burial test, HEMA containing shellac film was rapidly degraded than other raw, EHA and BDDA grafted films. Thermal properties indicated that grafting of acrylic monomers decreased the melting temperature of the pure shellac films.     

水的后置侵入对瓦斯解吸影响试验研究

利用自主设计的外液条件下瓦斯解吸试验装置,首次进行了无水侵入和外来水侵入后含瓦斯煤的瓦斯解吸对比试验.共进行6组,瓦斯吸附平衡压力分别为3.5 MPa、3.0 MPa、2.5 MPa、2.0 MPa、1.5MPa、1.0MPa,环境压力分别为3.0 MPa、2.5 MPa、2.0 MPa、1.5 MPa、1.0MPa、0.5 MPa,含瓦斯煤的内外压力差为0.5 MPa,获得了相关试验数据以及6组瓦斯累积解吸量变化对比曲线.结果表明,在对含瓦斯煤实施水力压裂后,外来水的后置侵入不仅会使瓦斯解吸量大大减少,而且还会使瓦斯解吸的终止时间提前；在压差为0.5 MPa条件下,有水侵入后的瓦斯解吸量仅为无水侵入时瓦斯解吸量的23％～45％,平均降低了67.5％,同时瓦斯解吸终止时间提前约1h.水的后置侵入对瓦斯解吸具有损害作用,该损害作用源于水在孔隙中形成的毛细管阻力.因此,在评价是否采用水力压裂时,应从煤层渗透率、水驱气、水对瓦斯解吸损害影响3个方面综合考虑.     

Impact of green supply chain management practices on firms’ performance: an empirical study from the perspective of Pakistan

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This article investigates the impact of five determinants of the green supply chain practices on organizational performance in the context of Pakistan...     

Spectrophotometric determination of uranium with arsenazo-III in perchloric acid

A short, sensitive and reliable spectrophotometric method, which has advantages over all known "wet chemistry" methods for uranium determination with regard to tolerance to common interferences, has been developed for the determination of uranium. Selectivity, molar absorptivity and the determination range of uranium have been enhanced by using 0.07% arsenazo-III as a chromogenic reagent. The use of 3 mol dm(-3) perchloric acid as a medium of determination was found to be excellent in terms of good solvent compatibility on dilution, destruction of organic contamination and simplicity of operation. The uranium-arsenazo-III complex formed instantly, and was found to be stable for more than 3 weeks with constant absorbance. Beer's law was obeyed up to a uranium concentration of 16 microg g(-1), with a molar absorptivity at 651 nm of 1.45x10(5) mol(-1) dm(3) cm(-1) at 24+/-2 degrees C. Only phosphate and citrate at 70-fold excess over uranium interfere seriously, whereas other anions studied could be tolerated up to a 70-fold excess over uranium. Of the cations studied, only Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Cr(III) decreased the normal absorbance of the complex. Iron(III), Ce(III) and Y(III) enhanced the absorbance. Other cations studied did not affect the absorbance up to a 50-fold excess. The accuracy was checked by determining uranium from standard solutions in the range 10-50 microg g(-1). It was found to be accurate with a 96.0-98.6% recovery rate. The method has been successfully applied to standard reference materials and ore samples at microg g(-1) levels.     

Transport and degradation of ethanol in groundwater

Ethanol is rapidly replacing methyl tert-butyl ether (MtBE), the primary fuel oxygenate in the US, and ethanol releases from spills and leaky underground storage tanks (LUSTs) are anticipated. Ethanol has received little attention as a potential groundwater contaminant. This study investigates the fate and transport of ethanol under transient conditions in a sand and gravel aquifer. A pulse containing approximately 220 mg L-1 ethanol and 16 mg L-1 bromide was injected into the shallow sand and gravel aquifer and monitored to estimate its persistence and transport. The plume was monitored for 2.5 months using downgradient multilevel samplers (MLSs). Values for ethanol retardation were measured from ethanol and bromide breakthrough data and compared to estimates using published Koc values for low carbon aquifer sediments (foc=10 microg C g-1 sediment). Ethanol transport was not retarded (R=0.99). A 3-dimensional model reasonably simulated bromide and ethanol breakthrough curves. An average first-order decay constant was estimated to be 0.32 d-1 (t1/2=2.2 d). At the second fence, 75% of the injected bromide and less than 3% of ethanol remained in the plume. Monitored terminal electron acceptor concentrations demonstrated that the majority of the ethanol was transformed by anaerobic processes other than denitrification and sulfate reduction.     

Mechanisms of competitive adsorption of Pb, Cu, and Cd on peat

Combined use of batch equilibration adsorption and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was employed to study the mechanisms of competitive adsorption of Pb, Cu, and Cd on Danish and Heilongjiang peat in single- and multi-solute systems. The adsorption capacity and initial adsorption rate on the same peat in single-solute systems followed the order Pb>Cu>Cd. Both the adsorbed amount of each metal (q'm) and its initial adsorption rate were decreased in multi-solute systems. It was observed that the adsorbed amounts of metals at low-energy adsorption sites (qm,1) decreased pronouncedly compared to those at high-energy adsorption sites (qm,2), indicating that the competitive adsorption of Pb, Cu and Cd occurred mainly at the low-energy adsorption sites. XAS study revealed that both Pb and Cu were coordinated in peat predominantly to carboxylic moieties without excluding the hydroxyl groups, thereby providing an insight into the mechanism of competitive adsorption of Pb and Cu on peat.