用电子自旋探针研究水泥固化土壤中镉离子的反应

应用电子自旋探针（Ｅｌｅｃｔｏｒｏｎ ｓｐｉｎ ｐｒｏｂｅ，简ＥＳＰ）Ｍｎ＾２＋离子的超精细结构（ｈｙｐｅｒｆｉｎｅ ｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ，简称ｈｆｓ），揭示了水泥固化土壤中Ｃｄ＾２＋离子的化学反应，研究发现：由于水泥水化产生高的ＰＨ值，Ｃｄ＾２＋离子与ＯＨ＾－离子反应生成Ｃｄ（ＯＨ）２沉‘当有ＣＯ２气体存在时，Ｃｄ＾２＋离子会与ＣＯ２和水泥水化的ＯＨ＾－离子反应生成ＣｄＣＯ３、Ｃｄ（ＯＨ）２，这些     

Seasonal distribution of modern coccolithophores in the western North Atlantic Ocean

The seasonal successions of standing crop and floral assemblage were studied for oceanic coccolithophores at 5 weather stations in the western North Atlantic Ocean. The coccolithophores were less populous during winter at the northern stations, whereas they became scarce during summer at the southern stations. The average standing crop in the surface water was quite consistent throughout all climatic regions, being a few tens of thousand cells per liter. The average standing crop at the 100 m level showed a clear trend of increasing southwards. The population at this depth was only one-tenth as large as that of the surface level at the northernmost station, whereas it was almost two-thirds as large as the surface levels at the southernmost station. Many of the major species exhibited seasonally biased occurrences. The trend was mostly repeated in consecutive years, although the magnitude of their abundances fluctuated from year to year in some case. The average species composition was obtained for the 5 weather stations at the surfacewater (surface and 20 m levels combined) and 100 m levels; Emiliania huxleyi dominated the flora at all stations. The relationship between occurrences of major species and ambient water temperature was also studied. Although some species were stenothermal, the majority exhibited eurythermal characteristics; this accounts for the high specific diversity of the coccolithophore community throughout the wide range of waters studied.Contribution No. 2899 of the Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University.     

Collaborative modelling‐based shelter planning analysis: a case study of the Nagata Elementary School Community in Kobe City,Japan

This study, based on a questionnaire survey and workshops, and with a focus on the impact of an earthquake on the Nagata Elementary School Community in Kobe City, Japan, develops a collaborative model to assess the allocation of residents to shelters. The current official allocation plan is compared with three alternative allocations developed within the framework of this model. The collaborative model identifies accessibility, amenity, capacity, connectivity, continuity, security, and stability as the basic, necessary criteria for shelter planning. The three alternative allocations are very similar to the local residents’ own choice of shelters, but they are quite different from the current official allocation plan, which is supposed to be followed but has achieved relatively low satisfaction among households. The proposed collaborative approach provides an effective tool to assess the officially determined allocation plan by taking into account the viewpoints of local residents, and the results are useful for enhancing community evacuation planning.     

Degradation of Poly(acrylic acid)s with Phenolic Side-Chains by Manganese Peroxidase from White Rot Fungi

Poly(acrylic acid)s (PAAs) with various functional groups, such as phenolic hydroxyl, amino, and aldehyde groups, in the side-chains were treated with manganese peroxidase (MnP) prepared from the culture of lignin-degrading white rot fungi. While no change in the M_w of PAA without a functional group was observed after a 24-h MnP treatment, the M_w␣of␣PAA␣with p-aminophenol as side-chains decreased from 90,000 to 59,000, and that with␣o-aminophenol from 70,000 to 26,000. MnP treatment also decreased the M_w of PAA with a p-aminoaniline or aldehyde group. Furthermore, the MnP treatment generated a significant depolymerization of the cross-linked PAA with p-aminophenol from an insoluble polymer to water soluble products. These results suggest that functional groups generating radicals can act as elemental devices and induce degradation of the PAA main chain.     

Clonal structure affects the assembling behavior in the Japanese queenless ant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pristomyrmex punctatus</Emphasis>

The queenless ant Pristomyrmex punctatus (Hymenoptera: Myrmicinae) has a unique society that differs from those of other typical ants. This species does not have a queen, and the workers lay eggs and produce their clones parthenogenetically. However, a colony of these ants does not always comprise members derived from a single clonal line. In this study, we examined whether P. punctatus changes its “assembling behavior” based on colony genetic structure. We prepared two subcolonies—a larger one comprising 200 individuals and a smaller one comprising 100 individuals; these subcolonies were established from a single stock colony. We investigated whether these subcolonies assemble into a single nest. The genetically monomorphic subcolonies (single clonal line) always fused into a single nest; however, the genetically polymorphic subcolonies (multiple clonal lines) did not tend to form a single colony. The present study is the first to demonstrate that the colony genetic structure significantly affects social viscosity in social insects.