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511.
Economists have viewed the presence of externalities and other market failures as leading to a private equilibrium that would not be Pareto optimal. In the exploitation of common-pool resources, especially biological resources, this would lead to the much-discussed 'tragedy of the commons'. A challenge to this traditional view has emerged from a careful study of the theory and practice of the exploitation of common-pool resources. The existence of a social norm may provide an individual with information on the extent of external costs associated with a behavior, and thus provides an imperfect means of internalizing the external costs. In this paper we propose an evolutionary model of compliance that allows for the existence of a social norm. The impact of the social norm on public policy towards externalities is examined. 相似文献
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Kenneth A. Hassall 《The Environmentalist》1985,5(2):105-109
Summary The importance of pesticides and other inputs into intensive agriculture is assessed not only in terms of the types of hazards that may arise but also the consequences of such inputs to overall economic structure in the countries concerned. The contrasting level of control of pesticides in countries with more or less advanced economies is examined and some of the dangers associated with pesticide use are discussed.Dr. Kenneth Hassall is Senior Lecturer in the Chemistry of Pesticides at the University of Reading. He is author ofChemistry of Pesticides: their metabolism, mode of action and uses in crop protection. Macmillans, England, 1982. 相似文献
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Herbert E. Allen Chaichaeron Boonlayangoor Kenneth E. Noll 《Environment international》1982,7(5):337-341
Transformation of physicochemical forms of cadmium and lead added at 1 μ/L to Lake Michigan water have been studied by anodic stripping voltammetry. Unfiltered, 0.45 μ membrane filtered, ultrafiltered, and UV irradiated ultrafiltered samples were used to differentiate metal binding by particulate, colloidal, and dissolved organic matter. The reaction of added metal with colloids and particles is rapid. Their reaction with soluble organic matter is slow, requiring 1 to 2 days for complexation of one-half the added metal. 相似文献
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Incorporating Landscape Attributes into Models for Migratory Grassland Bird Conservation 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Kristel K. Bakker § David E. Naugle † Kenneth F. Higgins‡ 《Conservation biology》2002,16(6):1638-1646
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The premise of this article is that technologies are not neutral in terms of their design objectives, their scale, and the fact that they reflect the physical and social environments in which they have developed. Specific agricultural technologies, the midwestern plow, the California tomato harvester, and various biotechnologies, are evaluated in these terms and shown to have generally predictable impacts upon rural regions and farmers. Finally, the article examines a series of major threats such as climate change that require the rethinking and restructuring of agriculture along more sustainable lines, something the can be accomplished only with a conscious recognition of the non-neutrality of technologies.This article was prepared for the conference Ethical Choice in an Age of Pervasive Technology, University of Guelph, October 25–29, 1989. 相似文献