全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1689篇 |
免费 | 16篇 |
国内免费 | 73篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 76篇 |
废物处理 | 186篇 |
环保管理 | 184篇 |
综合类 | 160篇 |
基础理论 | 277篇 |
环境理论 | 2篇 |
污染及防治 | 651篇 |
评价与监测 | 163篇 |
社会与环境 | 63篇 |
灾害及防治 | 16篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 20篇 |
2022年 | 37篇 |
2021年 | 36篇 |
2020年 | 15篇 |
2019年 | 29篇 |
2018年 | 44篇 |
2017年 | 58篇 |
2016年 | 82篇 |
2015年 | 43篇 |
2014年 | 71篇 |
2013年 | 140篇 |
2012年 | 105篇 |
2011年 | 119篇 |
2010年 | 96篇 |
2009年 | 109篇 |
2008年 | 122篇 |
2007年 | 108篇 |
2006年 | 100篇 |
2005年 | 87篇 |
2004年 | 83篇 |
2003年 | 57篇 |
2002年 | 62篇 |
2001年 | 47篇 |
2000年 | 21篇 |
1999年 | 12篇 |
1998年 | 9篇 |
1997年 | 7篇 |
1996年 | 7篇 |
1995年 | 6篇 |
1994年 | 4篇 |
1993年 | 7篇 |
1991年 | 6篇 |
1990年 | 3篇 |
1989年 | 4篇 |
1988年 | 3篇 |
1987年 | 3篇 |
1986年 | 3篇 |
1984年 | 1篇 |
1983年 | 4篇 |
1982年 | 2篇 |
1981年 | 3篇 |
1980年 | 1篇 |
1979年 | 1篇 |
1965年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有1778条查询结果,搜索用时 10 毫秒
51.
Enzyme treatment is currently considered for remediation of terrestrial systems polluted with organic compounds. In this study, two soils from Pennsylvania with 2.8 or 7.4% organic matter contents (Soils 1 and 2, respectively) were amended with 14C-labeled 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and incubated with a laccase from Trametes villosa (free or immobilized on montmorillonite). 2,4-DCP was either transformed to methanol-soluble polymeric products (11-32%) or covalently bound to soil organic matter (53-85%); unaltered 2,4-DCP could be recovered from soil by methanol extraction (0-38%) at the completion of a 14-d incubation period. In Soil 1, both free and immobilized laccase removed 100% of 2,4-DCP without regard for moisture conditions. In Soil 2, immobilized laccase removed more 2,4-DCP (about 95%, regardless of moisture conditions) than free enzyme (55, 75, and 90% at 30, 55, and 100% of maximum water-holding capacity, respectively). Binding of 2,4-DCP in the humin fraction was nearly the same for free and immobilized laccase. More 2,4-DCP, however, was bound to humic and fulvic acids in the presence of immobilized laccase than in the presence of free laccase. In general, immobilized laccase performed better than free laccase. However, for practical applications, the higher activity of immobilized laccase is offset by a 23% loss in enzyme activity during immobilization, which approximates the 30% increase in free laccase needed to achieve the same level of remediation. Furthermore, immobilized laccase is more costly than free T. villosa laccase. 相似文献
52.
Choi SW Row JW Park HM Kim CK Rho BH Yun JY 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2003,66(3):271-283
Based on hourly means of exposure rate between August 2000 and July 2001 at nine Regional Radiation Monitoring Stations (RRMS) in Korea, we analyzed spatio-temporal characteristics of exposure rate. The mean and fluctuations of exposure rates were 99 and 3.8 nGy h(-1), respectively. The hourly exposure rate over 9 RRMS indicated a diurnal pattern with the exposure rates reaching a maximum between 5:00 and 8:00 a.m. in the early morning and a broad minimum between 4:00 and 10:00 p.m. in the afternoon. The fluctuations of exposure rate in the inland areas were less than 3.2 nGy h(-1), and those of exposure rate in coastal areas were larger than 3.9 nGy h(-1). The frequency distribution of exposure rates had one peak around the mean and was to be skewed to the right or positively skewed and its tails were fatter than those of a normal distribution. The interrelations of exposure rates at each station generally decreased with the distance between the stations. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis showed that almost all (99.9%) of exposure rate fluctuations were described by simultaneous variations. The spatial distribution of the first EOF modes of actual, low-pass (periods longer than one month) and high-pass (periods shorter than one month) exposure rate series were similar to each other. 相似文献
53.
Benefits-based management seeks to provide recreation benefits for recreation participants by managing the physical environments
in which recreation occurs. This study investigates the relationship between benefits desired by visitors and the physical,
social, and managerial characteristics of settings that facilitate realization of recreation benefits. Data such as perceived
benefits from recreation experiences, setting attributes that significantly influenced perceived benefits, and sociodemographic
variables were collected from 376 visitors to Sorak-san National Park in the eastern part of the Korean peninsula. Cluster
analysis was used to group visitors' desired benefits into 12 domains: relationship with nature/scenery, escaping pressure,
learning about nature, family togetherness, introspection, exploration, autonomy/achievement, being with friends, leading
others, skills/learning, risk taking, and meeting/observing new people. Multiple regression was used to link benefit domains
with the characteristics of settings. The social attribute of recreation settings was linked to eight of the ten benefit domains.
There were two statistically strong multiple regression correlations: (1) between domain of “relationship with nature /scenery”
and the attributes “forest/water,”“attractive nature,” and “facility/maintenance” and (2) between the domain of “escaping
pressure” and the attributes “attractive nature” and “social.” The results of this study are useful to managers in their efforts
to provide recreation opportunities for visitors to achieve beneficial outcomes. 相似文献
54.
Status of recycling end-of-life vehicles and efforts to reduce automobile shredder residues in Korea
Hyun-Tae Joung Sung-Jin Cho Yong-Chil Seo Woo-Hyun Kim 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2007,9(2):159-166
The present end-of-life vehicle (ELV) recycle rate and management status during the dismantling stage were investigated to
aid the establishment of policies for the management of ELVs by surveying information and using the results gained from questionnaires
given to dismantlers. The average recycle rate at the dismantling stage was 44% of the mass of a new vehicle and the rest
of the ELV was then compressed and transported to shredding companies to recover mainly the iron content, which averaged 38.7%
of the mass of a new vehicle. Nonferrous metals such as copper, antimony, zinc, and aluminum accounted for only 1.5%. The
automobile shredder residues (ASRs) were composed of light and heavy fluffs and soil/dust and amounted to 15.8% based on the
mass of a new vehicle. The dumping of fluff and inorganic residues in landfill sites, however, will be restricted when new
regulations are implemented to reduce the disposal amount to less than 5% of a new car, as has been done in European countries
and in Japan. The detailed characteristics of ASR were investigated to suggest appropriate means of treatment such as volume
reduction or the utilization of thermal technologies to meet future expected enforcement. Also, some concerns on hazardous
pollutant release such as that of dioxins while utilizing such thermal treatment methods were considered. The present on-going
research and development projects to meet such future management targets are also introduced. 相似文献
55.
The research questions posed in this study highlight the importance of valuing proactivity in both prompting an individual to engage in proactive behavior and encouraging the expression of that behavior. We integrate a variety of constructs from the proactivity literature to gain a deeper understanding of proactive behavior as it relates to proactive motivation and supervisory performance evaluations. First, we draw upon self‐determination theory, expectancy–value theory, and the recent integration of the proactive motivation literature to hypothesize that proactive behavior is predicted by the interaction of “can do” and “reason to” proactive motivational states. Second, on the basis of performance theory, we hypothesize that the relationship between proactive behavior and performance depends upon the extent to which the supervisor values proactivity. Specifically, we argue that supervisors with proactive personalities are more likely to value and reward subordinate proactive behavior than passive supervisors. Results provide support for both of our hypotheses. Interestingly, results show that proactive behavior did not result in negative consequences but rather that there was a cost (i.e., lower performance rating) for not taking charge for employees with proactive supervisors. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
56.
With the increase in silver(Ag)-based products in our lives, it is essential to test the potential toxicity of silver nanoparticles(Ag NPs) and silver ions(Ag ions) on living organisms under various conditions. Here, we investigated the toxicity of Ag NPs with Ag ions to Escherichia coli K-12 strain under various conditions. We observed that both Ag NPs and Ag ions display antibacterial activities, and that Ag ions had higher toxicity to E. coli K-12 strain than Ag NPs under the same concentrations. To understand the toxicity of Ag NPs at a cellular level, reactive oxygen species(ROS) enzymes were detected for use as antioxidant enzymatic biomarkers. We have also studied the toxicity of Ag NPs and Ag ions under various coexistence conditions including: fixed total concentration, with a varied the ratio of Ag NPs to Ag ions; fixed the Ag NPs concentration and then increased the Ag ions concentration; fixed Ag ions concentration and then increasing the Ag NPs concentration.Exposure to Ag NPs and Ag ions clearly had synergistic toxicity; however, decreased toxicity(for a fixed Ag NPs concentration of 5 mg/L, after increasing the Ag ions concentration) to E. coli K-12 strain. Ag NPs and Ag ions in the presence of L-cysteine accelerated the bacterial cell growth rate, thereby reducing the bioavailability of Ag ions released from Ag NPs under the single and coexistence conditions. Further works are needed to consider this potential for Ag NPs and Ag ions toxicity across a range of environmental conditions.Environmental Significance Statement: As silver nanoparticles(Ag NPs)-based products are being broadly used in commercial industries, an ecotoxicological understanding of the Ag NPs being released into the environment should be further considered. Here, we investigate the comparative toxicity of Ag NPs and silver ions(Ag ions) to Escherichia coli K-12 strain, a representative ecotoxicological bioreporter. This study showed that toxicities of Ag NPs and Ag ions to E. coli K-12 strain display different relationships when existing individually or when coexisting, and in the presence of L-cysteine materials. These findings suggest that the toxicology research of nanomaterials should consider conditions when NPs coexist with and without their bioavailable ions. 相似文献
57.
Plant communities in relation to flooding and soil contamination in a lowland Rhine River floodplain
Schipper AM Lotterman K Leuven RS Ragas AM de Kroon H Hendriks AJ 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(1):182-189
Using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), relationships were investigated between plant species composition and flooding characteristics, heavy metal contamination and soil properties in a lowland floodplain of the Rhine River. Floodplain elevation and yearly average flooding duration turned out to be more important for explaining variation in plant species composition than soil heavy metal contamination. Nevertheless, plant species richness and diversity showed a significant decrease with the level of contamination. As single heavy metal concentrations seemed mostly too low for causing phytotoxic effects in plants, this trend is possibly explained by additive effects of multiple contaminants or by the concomitant influences of contamination and non-chemical stressors like flooding. These results suggest that impacts of soil contamination on plants in floodplains could be larger than expected from mere soil concentrations. In general, these findings emphasize the relevance of analyzing effects of toxic substances in concert with the effects of other relevant stressors. 相似文献
58.
Y. P. Kim K. -C. Moon S. -G. Shim J. H. Lee J. Y. Kim K. Fung G. R. Carmichael C. H. Song C. H. Kang H. -K. Kim C. B. Lee 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2000,34(29-30)
Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in fine particles (PM2.5) at two background sites, Kosan and Kangwha in Korea were measured during intensive field studies between 1994 and 1999. Fine particles were collected on pre-fired quartz filters in a low-volume sampler and analyzed using the selective thermal oxidation method with MnO2 catalyst. The OC and EC concentrations at Kosan located at western tip of Cheju Island in southern Korea are lower than those at Kangwha located at western coastal area in mid-Korean peninsula. Still, the OC concentrations at Kosan are generally higher than those at other background areas in Japan and USA. The EC concentrations at Kosan are lower than or comparable to those at other background areas. The total carbon (TC, sum of OC and EC) to EC ratio values at both sites were higher than those at other background areas in Japan and USA. At Kosan, the OC and EC concentrations when air parcels were from southern China were higher than those when air parcels were coming from northern China. However, at Kangwha, the differences were statistically not clear since most air parcels were from northern China. Except when air parcels were from the North Pacific during summer, the OC and EC concentrations are well correlated indicating that both OC and EC share the same emission/transport characteristics. From the gaseous hydrocarbon data and the OC and EC relationship, it was found that during summer local biogenic emissions of OC might be significant at Kosan. 相似文献
59.
The objectives of this study were to examine the use of carbon fractions to identify particulate matter (PM) sources, especially traffic-related carbonaceous particle sources, and to estimate their contributions to the particle mass concentrations. In recent studies, positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to ambient fine PM (PM2.5) compositional data sets of 24-hr integrated samples including eight individual carbon fractions collected at three monitoring sites in the eastern United States: Atlanta, GA, Washington, DC, and Brigantine, NJ. Particulate carbon was analyzed using the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments/Thermal Optical Reflectance method that divides carbon into four organic carbons (OC): pyrolized OC and three elemental carbon (EC) fractions. In contrast to earlier PMF studies that included only the total OC and EC concentrations, gasoline emissions could be distinguished from diesel emissions based on the differences in the abundances of the carbon fractions between the two sources. The compositional profiles for these two major source types show similarities among the three sites. Temperature-resolved carbon fractions also enhanced separations of carbon-rich secondary sulfate aerosols. Potential source contribution function analyses show the potential source areas and pathways of sulfate-rich secondary aerosols, especially the regional influences of the biogenic, as well as anthropogenic secondary aerosol. This study indicates that temperature-resolved carbon fractions can be used to enhance the source apportionment of ambient PM2.5. 相似文献
60.
Lee J Kim J Kim S Im G Lee S Jeon EC 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2011,19(7):2722-2727