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61.
Zacharia J. U. Malley Mohammed Taeb Tetsuo Matsumoto Hiroyuki Takeya 《国际发展与全球生态学杂志》2013,20(2):145-159
Natural resources are important assets for sustainability of rural livelihoods and economic development. The objectives of the study were to assess linkage of environmental change to emerging water scarcity, livelihoods insecurity and decline in wildlife biodiversity and hydropower generation in the Great Ruaha ecosystem, and to discuss policy lessons for sustainable development. Literature survey, participatory assessments, collection of records from stakeholders, participatory observations and a questionnaire survey were used. Participatory assessment found that increasing water scarcity is associated with degradation of land, vegetation cover and change in rainfall intensity and duration. Rainfall change is supported by 83% of respondents and rainfall trends analysis. About 42% of variation in cereal production is described by the rainfall amount variability. Analysis of trends for per capita cereals production from district records showed a significant (p < 0.05) decline over the years. Changes in water flows in the Great Ruaha River have been evident since 1993, and have affected wildlife diversity in the Ruaha National Park and power generation from the Kidatu hydroelectric plant downstream. Human livelihood activities, exclusiveness, weak coordination and collaboration between sectors and institutions in policy formulation and implementation have played a role. The pro-poor policy formulation through integrated planning, strong coordination and collaboration is recommended for sustainable development. 相似文献
62.
Van Thinh Nguyen Matsumoto Masaru Zaw Myo Kuwahara Yoshihiro Xie Yiping Ozaki Akinori Kurosawa Kiyoshi 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2022,44(10):3249-3263
Environmental Geochemistry and Health - The arsenic-contaminated groundwater has attracted attention in much south and southeast Asian deltas, however, mainly on the deep aquifers. Here, arsenic... 相似文献
63.
64.
Takayuki Kondo Kiyoshi Hasegawa Hisako Kurokawa Chiharu Kitagawa Ryutaro Uchida Masanori Onishi 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(1-2):183-200
To assess the effect of tree planting on atmospheric phenol, a study was made on the absorption of phenol by various tree species and the tolerance of these species to phenol. The absorption rates ranged from 21.3 (camellia) to 129 ng dm‐2h‐1 ppb‐1 (Japanese elm) at 1000 μmol of photons m‐2 s‐1, and the absorption rate increased in the following order: coniferous tree species ? evergreen broad‐leaved tree species < deciduous broad‐leaved tree species. When the light intensity was varied, a linear relationship between the phenol absorption rate and the transpiration rate was observed for three tree species. In comparison with the absorption rate estimated from a simplified gas diffusive resistance model, we conclude that phenol is absorbed through the stomata and is metabolized fairly rapidly within the leaf tissue, although the absorption rate is less than the estimated potential absorption rate. At phenol concentrations below 200 ppb, the tree can absorb atmospheric phenol for at least 8 h without any visible foliar injury. Trees in general could act as an important sink for atmospheric phenol at phenol concentrations less than 200 ppb, a concentration about twenty times higher than normal ambient levels. 相似文献
65.
66.
Recycle technology for waste plastics containing polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has been developed in the Hokkaido National Industrial
Research Institute for the production of solid and liquid fuel, and has established a recycling process which includes a dechlorination
process for PVC plastics, and a two-stage catalytic pyrolysis process for plastics using zeolite catalysts. The dechlorination
equipment consists of a two-axis screw extruder with a heating element, which can remove chlorine up to 99.9 wt. % from PVC
containing plastics as hydrogen chloride. The product had about 44 000 kJ/kg calorific value and was fed into the next oil
production process, although it could also be used as a solid fuel. Natural and synthetic zeolite were used as catalysts for
the two-stage catalytic process, which produced a light oil with a boiling point which was between those of kerosene and gasoline.
The yield of this oil reached 82 wt. %. The chemical type was analyzed using liquid chromatography, and was found to have
many aromatic compounds. These technologies make it possible to produce a nonpolluting, high-calorie solid fuel and a liquid
fuel very efficiently.
Received: July 19, 2000 / Accepted: September 21, 2000 相似文献
67.
Mason LB Amrhein C Goodson CC Matsumoto MR Anderson MA 《Journal of environmental quality》2005,34(6):1998-2004
The Salton Sea is the largest inland water body in California, covering an area of 980 km(2). Inflow to the Salton Sea (1.6 km(3) yr(-1)) is predominately nutrient-rich agricultural wastewater, which has led to eutrophication. Because internal phosphorus release from the bottom sediments is comparatively low and external phosphorus loading to the Salton Sea is high, reduction of tributary phosphorus is expected to reduce algal blooms, increase dissolved oxygen, and reduce odors. Removing both dissolved phosphorus and phosphorus-laden sediment from agricultural drainage water (ADW) should decrease eutrophication. Both alum and polyacrylamide (PAM) are commonly used in wastewater treatment to remove phosphorus and sediment and were tested for use in tributary waters. Laboratory jar tests determined PAM effectiveness (2 mg L(-1)) for turbidity reduction as cationic > anionic = nonionic. Although cationic PAM was the most effective at reducing turbidity at higher speeds, there was no observed difference between the neutral and anionic PAMs at velocity gradients of 18 to 45 s(-1). Alum (4 mg L(-1) Al) reduced turbidity in low energy systems (velocity gradients < 10 s(-1)) by 95% and was necessary to reduce soluble phosphorus, which comprises 47 to 100% of the total P concentration in the tributaries. When PAM was added with alum, the anionic PAM became ineffective in aiding flocculation. The nonionic PAM (2 mg L(-1)) + alum (4 mg L(-1) Al) is recommended to reduce suspended solids in higher energy systems and reduce soluble P by 93%. 相似文献
68.
This paper presents a new perspective on the reuse businesses of independent reuse business companies (IRBCs) in Japan. A majority of previous studies on reuse and remanufacturing have focused on the businesses of original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). During the past twenty years, however, in Japan, IRBCs have grown rapidly, especially those that launched new types of secondhand shops. The author proposes that the reuse businesses of IRBCs can provide useful information for academics, OEMs, and policy makers. A key finding is the strategies developed by IRBCs to ensure the volume of used products collected and to stimulate demand for used products. This paper compares the features of IRBC reuse businesses with those of OEMs, and discussed the results and implications of an interview survey with select IRBCs. 相似文献
69.
Takashi A. Inoue Tamako Hata Kiyoshi Asaoka Tetsuo Ito Kinuko Niihara Hiroshi Hagiya Fumio Yokohari 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2012,99(12):985-998
Many butterflies acquire nutrients from non-nectar sources such as puddles. To better understand how male Papilio butterflies identify suitable sites for puddling, we used behavioral and electrophysiological methods to examine the responses of Japanese Papilio butterflies to Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+. Based on behavioral analyses, these butterflies preferred a 10-mM Na+ solution to K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ solutions of the same concentration and among a tested range of 1?mM to 1?M NaCl. We also measured the ion concentrations of solutions sampled from puddling sites in the field. Na+ concentrations of the samples were up to 6?mM, slightly lower than that preferred by butterflies in the behavioral experiments. Butterflies that sipped the 10?mM Na+ solution from the experimental trays did not continue to puddle on the ground. Additionally, butterflies puddled at sites where the concentrations of K+, Ca2+, and/or Mg2+ were higher than that of Na+. This suggests that K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ do not interfere with the detection of Na+ by the Papilio butterfly. Using an electrophysiological method, tip recordings, receptor neurons in contact chemosensilla inside the proboscis evoked regularly firing impulses to 1, 10, and 100?mM NaCl solutions but not to CaCl2 or MgCl2. The dose?Cresponse patterns to the NaCl solutions were different among the neurons, which were classified into three types. These results showed that Japanese Papilio butterflies puddle using Na+ detected by the contact chemosensilla in the proboscis, which measure its concentration. 相似文献
70.
Ishikawa Toshiharu Matsumoto Akio Szidarovszky Ferenc 《Environmental Economics and Policy Studies》2019,21(4):579-597
Environmental Economics and Policy Studies - This study demonstrates the conditions under which an increase in the ambient charge positively or negatively affects the total level of non-point... 相似文献