邻硝基苯基荧光酮与铝显色反应的研究及其应用

研究了在溴化十六烷基吡啶存在下，邻硝基苯基荧光酮与铝显色反应的条件，结果表明，在ｐＨ５．０的乙酸－乙酸钠缓冲溶液中，Ａ１（Ⅲ）与邻硝基苯基荧光酮生成一种玫瑰红色给合物，其最大吸收波长在５５９ｎｍ，摩尔吸光系数为７．８２×１０４，比耳定律范围０～１０μｇ／２５ｍｌ，拟定了测定饮茶、饮水中微量铝的方法，结果令人满意。     

温度对哑硝化及氧化哑氮释放的影响

采用批次实验的方法探讨了3种不同温度（15℃,25℃,35℃）对亚硝化及其过程中温室气体氧化亚氮释放情况。结果表明,温度对亚硝化过程及氧化亚氮的释放有显著影响。在15～35℃范围内,随着温度的升高,氨氧化率和亚硝化积累率逐渐升高,N2O释放量也逐渐增大,35℃可以作为适宜的亚硝化温度,平均氨氧化率为50．9％,亚硝化积累率为55．6％,NO-2-N与Nrl4-N出水浓度比为1．1,氨氧化率,亚硝化积累率和出水中亚硝氮与氨氮浓度比较合适,从而可以为厌氧氨氧化工艺提供合适的进水,但在此温度下平均N2O释放量相对较高,为1．494la,g／gMLSS。     

土壤中苯并[a]芘和二苯并[a，h]蒽的快速测定及其降解特性研究

建立了加速溶剂萃取-高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测(ASE-HPLC-PAD)快速测定土壤中苯并[a]芘(BaP)和二苯并[a.h]葸(DBA)的方法.通过提取剂、提取方法的优化,检测波长(BaP、DBA的λmax分别为294.6、295.8 nm)的选择,减少了干扰物的影响,提高了检测灵敏度.土壤中添加BaP、DBA的质量浓度均为0.02～0.50 mg/kg时,其平均回收率均为77.26%～109.56%,相对标准偏差为0.60%～2.74%;土壤中BaP、DBA的最小检测质量浓度分别为2.15、1.10μg/kg.将ASE-HPLC-PAD方法应用于污染场地土壤中BaP与DBA的测定及其降解特性研究表明,BaP与DBA的降解半衰期分别达210、693 d.     

Individual particle analysis of aerosols collected at Lhasa City in the Tibetan Plateau

To understand the composition and major sources of aerosol particles in Lhasa City on the Tibetan Plateau(TP), individual particles were collected from 2 February to 8 March, 2013 in Tibet University. The mean concentrations of both PM2.5and PM10 during the sampling were25.7 ± 21.7 and 57.2 ± 46.7 μg/m3, respectively, much lower than those of other cities in East and South Asia, but higher than those in the remote region in TP like Nam Co, indicating minor urban pollution. Combining the observations with the meteorological parameters and back trajectory analysis, it was concluded that local sources controlled the pollution during the sampling. Transmission electron microscopy(TEM) combined with energydispersive X-ray spectra(EDS) was used to study 408 particles sampled on four days. Based on the EDS analysis, a total of 8 different particle categories were classified for all 408 particles, including Si-rich, Ca-rich, soot, K-rich, Fe-rich, Pb-rich, Al-rich and other particles.The dominant elements were Si, Al and Ca, which were mainly attributed to mineral dust in the earth's crust such as feldspar and clay. Fe-, Pb-, K-, Al-rich particles and soot mainly originated from anthropogenic sources like firework combustion and biomass burning during the sampling. During the sampling, the pollution mainly came from mineral dust,while the celebration ceremony and religious ritual produced a large quantity of anthropogenic metal-bearing particles on 9 and 25 February 2013. Cement particles also had a minor influence. The data obtained in this study can be useful for developing pollution control strategies.     

可持续环境与发展规划的途径及其有效性

当人们对一些经典概念和模式，如经济最优化模式、生态最适模式、最低安全标准、承载力概念等提出疑问之后，环境与发展规划的方法论也随之面临着严峻的挑战。本文指出：①以经济最优化和生态最适模式指导规划都是非常局限和困难的，规划决不是一个环境和经济决定论的过程，而是一个可辩护的过程；②环境可能会对发展产生所谓的“顶极的”“绝对的”制约，对此，规划必须服从。但是，这种“顶极的”和“绝对的”界线是很难确切定义的，也往往是难以操作的，因而其在环境与发展规划中的意义是相当有限的。必须寻找一些新的有效的战略使规划过程具有可辩护性和可操作性。如何寻求和设计这种辩护战略是可持续发展规划方法论的一个重要领域。生态安全格局途径正是在这一方向上所做的努力。     

Occurrence, partition behavior, source and ecological risk assessment of nitro-PAHs in the sediment and water of Taige Canal, China

Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) are widespread organic pollutants that possess carcinogenic and mutagenic properties, so they may pose a risk to the environment and human health. In this study, the concentrations of 15 NPAHs and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 30 surface water samples and 26 sediment samples were measured in 2018 from the Taige Canal, one of the main rivers flowing into Taihu Lake, China. The total NPAH concentrations in water and sediment ranged from 14.7 to 235 ng/L and 22.9 to 96.5 ng/g dw, respectively. 9-nitrophenanthrene (nd–76.3 ng/L) was the dominant compound in surface water, while 2+3-nitrofluoranthene (1.73–18.1 ng/g dw) dominated in sediment. Among PAHs, concentration ranging from 1,097 to 2,981 ng/L and 1,089 to 4,489 ng/g dw in surface water and sediment, respectively. There was a strong positive correlation between the log octanol-water partition coefficient (K_ow) and log sediment-water partition coefficient due to hydrophobic interaction. The fugacity fraction value increased with the decrease of log K_ow, and chrysene was transferred from water into sediment. The residual NPAHs in surface water and sediment of the Taige Canal have partial correlation. Diesel engine and coal combustion emissions were probably the principal sources of NPAHs in surface water and sediment. The results of ecological risk assessment showed that some NPAHs in water (e.g, 1-nitropyrene and 6-nitrochrysene) and sediment (e.g., 2-nitrobiphenyl, 5-nitroacenaphthene, 9-nitrophenanthrene and 2+3-nitrofluoranthene) had moderate ecological risks, which should be of concern.     

不封底PCC能量桩与传统能量桩换热效率对比研究

PCC能量桩是一种基于PCC桩的新型能量桩技术,目前针对PCC能量桩在制冷和供热过程中的换热效率及热传导特性的研究仍相对较少。基于模型试验方法,开展循环温度作用下不封底PCC能量桩、传统能量桩的温度响应测试,实测获得桩身、桩周土热响应变化规律;继而,结合数值模拟方法,对比分析进/出水温度等因素对不封底PCC能量桩换热效率的影响规律。研究结果表明,本文试验条件下,夏季制冷模式下不封底PCC能量桩的热响应略大于传统能量桩,而冬季供热模式下差异不大;相同条件下,夏季制冷模式下不封底PCC能量桩的换热效率较传统能量桩高出24%,而冬季供热模式下仅高7%。     

Quantification of microcystin-producing and non-microcystin producing Microcystis populations during the 2009 and 2010 blooms in Lake Taihu using quantitative real-time PCR

Lake Taihu, a large, shallow hypertrophic freshwater lake in eastern China, has experienced lake-wide toxic cyanobacterial blooms annually during summer season in the past decades. Spatial changes in the abundance of hepatotoxin microcystin-producing and non-microcystin producing Microcystis populations were investigated in the lake in August of 2009 and 2010. To monitor the densities of the total Microcystis population and the potential microcystin-producing subpopulation, we used a quantitative real-time PCR assay targeting the phycocyanin intergenic spacer (PC-IGS) and the microcystin synthetase gene (mcyD), respectively. On the basis of quantification by real-time PCR analysis, the abundance of potential toxic Microcystis genotypes and the ratio of the mcyD subpopulation to the total Microcystis varied significantly, from 4.08× 10⁴ to 5.22× 10⁷ copies/mL, from 5.7% to 65.8%, respectively. Correlation analysis showed a strong positive relationship between chlorophyll-a, toxic Microcystis and total Microcystis; the abundance of toxic Microcystis correlated positively with total phosphorus and ortho-phosphate concentrations, but negatively with TN:TP ratio and nitrate concentrations. Meanwhile the proportion of potential toxic genotypes within Microcystis population showed positive correlation with total phosphorus and ortho-phosphate concentrations. Our data suggest that increased phosphorus loading may be a significant factor promoting the occurrence of toxic Microcystis bloom in Lake Taihu.